<ref name="Schoeters_&_Billen_1996">{{cite journal |first1=E. |last1=Schoeters |first2=J. P. J. |last2=Billen |year=1996 |title=The control apparatus of the venom gland in formicinae ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) |url= |journal=Netherlands Journal of Zoology |publisher= |volume=46 |issue= |pages=281–289 |doi= }}</ref>