<ref name="Borowiec_et_al_2021">{{cite journal |first1=M. L. |last1=Borowiec |first2=S. P. |last2=Cover |first3=C. |last3=Rabeling |year=2021 |title=The evolution of social parasitism in ''Formica'' ants revealed by a global phylogeny |url=https://antcat.org/documents/8157/borowiec_et_al_2021_pnas_evolution_of_social_parasitism_revealed_by_formica_phylogeny_incl_si.pdf |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |publisher= |volume=118 |issue= |pages=10 pp. e2026029118 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2026029118 }}</ref>