Spangler, H. G.; Rettenmeyer, C. W. 1966. The function of the ammochaetae or psammophores of harvester ants, Pogonomyrmex spp. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 39:739-745.

Sparks, K. S. 2014. [Untitled. New species attributed to Sparks only.]. Pp. 500-528 (part) in: Sparks, K. S.; Andersen, A. N.; Austin, A. D. 2014. Systematics of the Monomorium rothsteini Forel species complex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), a problematic ant group in Australia. Zootaxa 3893 (4):489-529. PDF

Sparks, K. S.; Andersen, A. N.; Austin, A. D. 2014. Systematics of the Monomorium rothsteini Forel species complex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), a problematic ant group in Australia. Zootaxa 3893 (4):489-529. PDF

Sparks, K. S.; Andersen, A. N.; Austin, A. D. 2019. A multi-gene phylogeny of Australian Monomorium Mayr (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) results in reinterpretation of the genus and resurrection of Chelaner Emery. Invertebrate Systematics 33:225-236. 10.1071/ISI6080 PDF

Sparks, K. S.; Andersen, A. N.; Donnellan, S. C.; Austin, A. D. 2014. Navigating the mtDNA road map out of the morphological maze: interpreting morphological variation in the diverse Monomorium rothsteini (Forel) complex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Systematic Entomology 39(2):264-278. PDF

Sparks, S. D. 1941. Surface anatomy of ants. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 34:572-579.

Specht, R. L. (ed.) 1988. Mediterranean-type ecosystems. A data source book. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, xii + 248 pp.

Spencer, B. (ed.) 1896. Report on the work of the Horn Scientific Expedition to Central Australia. Part II. Zoology. London: Dulau & Co., iv + 431 pp.

Spencer, B. (ed.) 1896. Report on the work of the Horn Scientific Expedition to central Australia. Part 1. London: Dulau and Co., xviii + 220 pp.

Spinola, M. 1806. Insectorum Liguriae species novae aut rariores, quae in agro ligustico nuper detexit, descripsit et iconibus illustravit Maximilianus Spinola, adjecto catalogo specierum auctoribus jam enumeratarum, quae in eadam regione passim occurrent. Tom. I. Fasc. 1. Genova: Y. Gravier, xvii + 160 pp.

Notes: Date of publication from Passerin d'Entrèves (1983).

Spinola, M. 1808. Insectorum Liguriae species novae aut rariores, quae in agro ligustico nuper detexit, descripsit et iconibus illustravit Maximilianus Spinola, adjecto catalogo specierum auctoribus jam enumeratarum, quae in eadam regione passim occurrent. Tom. II. Fasc. 4. Genova: Y. Gravier, pp. 207-262. PDF

Notes: Date of publication from Passerin d'Entrèves (1983).

Spinola, M. 1839 ("1838"). Compte rendu des Hyménoptères recueillis par M. Fischer pendant son voyage en Égypte. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 7:437-546.

Spinola, M. 1851a. Insectos. Orden 7. Himenopteros. Pp. 153-569 in: Gay, C. 1851. Historia fisica y politica de Chile. Zoologia. Tomo 6. Paris: Maulde & Renon, 572 pp. PDF

Spinola, M. 1851b. Compte rendu des Hyménoptères inédits provenants du voyage entomologique de M. Ghiliani dans le Para en 1846. Extrait des Mémoires de l'Académie des Sciences de Turin (2)13:3-78.

Notes: This separate preceeds the paper published in 1853 in Mem. R. Accad. Sci. Torino. See Vecht (1975).

Spinola, M. 1853. Compte rendu des Hyménoptères inédits provenants du voyage entomologique de M. Ghiliani dans le Para en 1846. Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino (2)13:19-94.

Spooner, G. M. 1968. Records of three uncommon Formica species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 104:130-131.

Spooner, G. M. 1969 ("1968"). Strongylognathus testaceus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in South Devon. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 104:251.

Spooner, G. M. 1972. Strongylognathus, Solenopsis and Anergates (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in South Devon. Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 108:11.

Sposito, E. C.; Mariano, C. d. S. F.; Pompolo, S. d. G.; Delabie, J. H. C. 2006. Exploratory studies on the karyotypes of seven species of the ant neotropical genus Pseudomyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Pseudomyrmecinae). Brazilian Journal of Morphological Sciences 23:129-136. PDF

Staab, M. 2014a. A new species of the Aenictus wroughtonii group (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from South-East Asia. ZooKeys 391:65-73. PDF

Staab, M. 2014b. The first observation of honeydew foraging in army ants since 1933: Aenictus hodgsoni Forel, 1901 tending Eutrichosiphum heterotrichum (Raychaudhuri, 1956) in Southeast China. Asian Myrmecology 6:115-118. PDF

Staab, M. 2015. Aenictus hoelldobleri sp. n., a new species of the Aenictus ceylonicus group (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from China, with a key to the Chinese members of the group. ZooKeys 516:137-155. PDF

Staab, M.; Hita Garcia, F.; Liu, C.; Xu, Z.-H.; Economo, E. P. 2018. Systematics of the ant genus Proceratium Roger (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Proceratiinae) in China – with descriptions of three new species based on micro-CT enhanced next-generation-morphology. ZooKeys 770:137-192. 10.3897/zookeys.770.24908 PDF

Staab, M.; Xu, Z.-H.; Hita Garcia, F. 2018. [New species Proceratium bruelheidei attributed to Staab, Xu & Hita Garcia]. Pp. 148-153: Staab, M.; Hita Garcia, F.; Liu, C.; Xu, Z.-H.; Economo, E. P. 2018. Systematics of the ant genus Proceratium Roger (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Proceratiinae) in China – with descriptions of three new species based on micro-CT enhanced next-generation-morphology. ZooKeys 770:137-192. PDF

Staab, M.; Xu, Z.-H.; Hita Garcia, F. 2018. [New species Proceratium kepingmai attributed to Staab, Xu & Hita Garcia]. Pp. 157-162 in: Staab, M.; Hita Garcia, F.; Liu, C.; Xu, Z.-H.; Economo, E. P. 2018. Systematics of the ant genus Proceratium Roger (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Proceratiinae) in China – with descriptions of three new species based on micro-CT enhanced next-generation-morphology. ZooKeys 770:137-192. PDF

Staab, M.; Xu, Z.-H.; Hita Garcia, F. 2018. [New species Proceratium shohei attributed to Staab, Xu & Hita Garcia]. Pp. 176-181 in: Staab, M.; Hita Garcia, F.; Liu, C.; Xu, Z.-H.; Economo, E. P. 2018. Systematics of the ant genus Proceratium Roger (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Proceratiinae) in China – with descriptions of three new species based on micro-CT enhanced next-generation-morphology. ZooKeys 770:137-192. PDF

Stafleu, F. A.; Cowan, R. S. 1976. Taxonomic literature. A selective guide to botanical publications and collections, with dates, commentaries and types. Volume I. A-G. Utrecht: Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema, xl + 1136 pp.

Stafleu, F. A.; Cowan, R. S. 1983. Taxonomic literature. A selective guide to botanical publications and collections, with dates, commentaries and types. Volume IV. P-Sak. Utrecht: Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema, ix + 1214 pp.

Stäger, R. 1917. Beitrag zur Kenntnis stengelbewohnender Ameisen in der Schweiz. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 25:95-109. PDF

Stäger, R. 1928. Anergates atratulus Schenck am Mittelmeer (Hym., Formic.). Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Insektenbiologie 23:159-162.