This history item belongs to Formicariae Latreille, 1802

Its current taxon owner(s) is Formicidae, Formicinae, Formicini

Note 2: Philopona [unavailable name] Philopona Kirby, 1837: 261 [as family-group name (Heterogyna race Philopona), containing only the family Formicidae]. Unavailable name, not based on a genus rank taxon. [Notes (i): Kirby, 1837 defines Philopona as, “all those genera that constitute Linné’s genus Formica, distinguished by their admirable industry, their wonderful economy, and the nests they construct.” By this definition Philopona is an absolute junior synonym of Formicidae; (ii) Westwood, 1839a: 217, refers to the “Sodales (or Philopona K.)”, which contains, “the single family Formicidae”, which “corresponds with the genus Formica of Linnaeus, and the Heterogyna of St. Fargeau.” Thus Philopona and Sodales are absolute synonyms, and both are junior synonyms of Formicidae.] 

<b>Note 2</b>: {unmissing Philopona} [unavailable name] {unmissing Philopona} {ref 126433}: 261 [as family-group name ({unmissing Heterogyna} race {unmissing Philopona}), containing only the family {tax 429011}]. Unavailable name, not based on a genus rank taxon. [Notes (i): {ref 126433} defines {unmissing Philopona} as, “all those genera that constitute Linné’s genus {tax 429349}, distinguished by their admirable industry, their wonderful economy, and the nests they construct.” By this definition {unmissing Philopona} is an absolute junior synonym of {tax 429011}; (ii) {ref 129811}: 217, refers to the “{unmissing Sodales} (or {unmissing Philopona} K.)”, which contains, “the single family {tax 429011}”, which “corresponds with the genus {tax 429349} of Linnaeus, and the {unmissing Heterogyna} of St. Fargeau.” Thus {unmissing Philopona} and {unmissing Sodales} are absolute synonyms, and both are junior synonyms of {tax 429011}.]
  • Item type: taxt
  • Created at: 2023-10-23
  • Updated at: 2023-12-07
Related records
Taxa belonging to this history item's protonym
Formicidae Family Valid
Formicinae Subfamily Valid
Formicini Tribe Valid
Other history items belonging to Formicariae
#312174 Formicini as tribe of Formicidae: André, 1874b: 167 [Formicidae].
#240419 Formicini as tribe of Camponotidae: Forel, 1891c: 79 [Formicii].
#240420 Formicini as tribe of Camponotinae: Forel, 1891c: 79 [Formicii]; Forel, 1893b: 165 [Formicii]; Forel, 1893j: 337 [Formicii]; Emery, 1895l: 772 [Formicii]; Forel, 1895b: 105 [Formicii]; Forel, 1899h: 125 [Formicii]; Forel, 1901c: 25 [Formicii]; Ruzsky, 1902d: 8 [Formicii]; Ruzsky, 1905b: 110 [Formicii]; Forel, 1908a: 62 [Formicii]; Wheeler, 1910a: 143 [Formicii]; Wheeler, 1915i: 120; Emery, 1916a: 252; Forel, 1917: 249 [Formicini].
#239426 Formicidae as family: Latreille, 1802b: 352 [Formicariae]; Latreille, 1803: 311 [Formicaires]; Latreille, 1804: 178 [Formicariae]; Latreille, 1809: 124 [Formicariae]; Latreille, 1810: 285 [Formicariae]; Leach, 1815: 147 [Formicarides]; Latreille, 1817a: 14 [Formicariae]; Billberg, 1820: 104 [Formicaedes]; Stephens, 1829b: 356 [first spelling as Formicidae]; Brullé, 1833: 326 [Formicaires]; Haliday, 1836: 331 [Formicidae]; Zetterstedt, 1838: 447 [Formicariae]; Westwood, 1839a: 217 [Formicidae]; Swainson & Shuckard, 1840: 171 [Formicidae]; Le Guillou, 1842: 313 [Formicaires]; Nylander, 1846a: 877 [Formicidae]; Foerster, 1850a: 1 [Formicariae]; Smith, 1851: 1 [Formicidae]; Mayr, 1855: 275 [Formicina]; Nylander, 1856b: 53 [Formicidae]; Smith, 1857a: 52 [Formicidae]; Smith, 1858a: 1 [Formicidae]; Mayr, 1861: 21 [Formicidae]; Meinert, 1861: 305 [Formicae]; Smith, 1861b: 36 [Formicidae]; Mayr, 1865: 1 [Formicidae]; Heer, 1867: 6 [Formicaria]; Forel, 1870: 307 [Formicinae]; Smith, 1871a: 302; Dours, 1873: 164 [Formicariae]; Forel, 1874: 19, 95 [Formicariae]; Emery, 1877b: 70 [Formicidae]; Taschenberg, 1880: 261, 702 [Formicidae]; André, 1881: 125, 126 [Formicidae]; André, 1882b: 125; White, 1884: 249 [Formicidae]; Dalla Torre, 1893: 1 [Formicidae]; Saunders, 1896: 18; Forel, 1899b: 1 [Formicidae]; Ruzsky, 1902d: 5 [Formicarii]; Bingham, 1903: 1 [Formicidae]; Ruzsky, 1905b: 91 [Formicariae or Formicidae]; Ashmead, 1905c: 384 [Formicidae]; Wheeler, 1910a: 134 [Formicidae]; Santschi, 1914b: 43 [Formicidae]; Arnold, 1915: 6 [Formicidae]; Wheeler, 1915h: 805 [Formicidae]; Emery, 1916a: 79 [Formicidae]; Wheeler, 1922: 727 [Formicidae]; Emery, 1925d: 1 [Formicidae]; Novák & Sadil, 1941: 97; Bernard, 1951c: 1073 [Formicidae]; Bernard, 1953b: 256 [Formicidae]; subsequent authors; Bolton, 2003: 15, 77 [Formicidae].
#239797 Formicinae as subfamily of Formicidae: Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1835: 197 [Heterogynides, tribu Formicites]; Nylander, 1846a: 877 [Formicae]; Mayr, 1855: 286, 299 [Formicina, Formicidae]; Nylander, 1856b: 53 [Formicineae]; Mayr, 1861: 21, 25 [Formicidae, Formicidae]; Mayr, 1862: 651 [Formicidae]; Mayr, 1865: 6 [Formicidae]; Mayr, 1868b: 24 [Formicidae]; Forel, 1870: 307 [Formicidae]; Dours, 1873: 164 [Formicidae]; Forel, 1874: 21, 37 [Formicariae, Formicidae]; Emery, 1877b: 70 [Formicidae]; Ashmead, 1905c: 384 [Formicinae]; Bondroit, 1918: 17 [Formicitae]; Wheeler, 1920: 53 [Formicinae]; Wheeler, 1922: 210, 691 [Formicinae]; Emery, 1925d: 2 [Formicinae]; Karavaiev, 1936: 172; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 197; Clark, 1951: 16; Smith, 1951c: 838; Brown, 1954b: 29; Kempf, 1972b: 266; Brown, 1973b: 169; Baroni Urbani, 1984: 81; Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 17; subsequent authors; Bolton, 2003: 20, 93; Boudinot, 2015: 51; Perkovsky, 2016: 114.
#312903 Formicinae as senior synonym of †Palaeosminthurini: Boudinot, in Boudinot et al., 2024: 144 (by implication as †Palaeosminthurus transferred to Formicinae).
#312175 [Note: the early family-group name Formicites Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1835: 197, is not cognate with the formicine collective genus-group name †Formicites Dlussky, 1981a.]
#240421 Formicini as tribe of Formicinae: Ashmead, 1905c: 384 [Formicini]; Bondroit, 1918: 36; Wheeler, 1922: 698; Emery, 1925d: 240; Chapman & Capco, 1951: 197; Smith, 1979: 1448; Dlussky & Fedoseeva, 1988: 77; Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 18; Bolton, 1995b: 12; Bolton, 2003: 27, 126; Blaimer et al., 2015: 6; Ward et al., 2016: 346.
#312186 Note 1: Heterogyna [unavailable name] Heterogynes Latreille, 1817g: 455 [as family-group name (Heterogynes)]. Unavailable name; not based on a genus rank taxon. [Notes (i): the family-group name was initially designated by Latreille, 1817g to include the tribes Formicaries (Formicidae) and Mutillaires (Mutillidae). Other authors of the 19th and early 20th centuries used this unavailable name in a variety of forms: Stephens, 1829b: 356 (Aculeata subsectio Heterogyna); Perty, 1833: 134 (Family Heterogyna); Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1835: 97 (Family Heterogynides); Haliday, 1836: 331 (as superfamily name, Hymenoptera stirps Heterogyna, to include the families Mutillidae, Dorylidae, Formicidae); Shuckard, 1840a: 188 (Hymenoptera, Heterogyna); Le Guillou, 1842: 313 (as family-group name, Heterogynes); Smith, 1851: 1 (Aculeata tribe Heterogyna); Smith, 1855a: 95 (Heterogyna, Formicidae); Smith, 1858a: 1 (Aculeata tribe Heterogyna); Smith, 1859c: 1 (Aculeata tribe Heterogyna); Smith, 1871c: viii (Heterogyna as superfamily, to include Formicidae, Poneridae, Myrmicidae, Mutillidae); Saunders, 1880: 202 (Heterogyna (= Formicidae + Myrmicidae + Poneridae)); White, 1884: 246 (Aculeata division Heterogyna); Dalla Torre, 1893: title page (Formicidae (Heterogyna)); Saunders, 1896: 16 (Heterogyna (= Formicidae)); Forel, 1899a: 116 (Heterogyna (Formicidae)); Forel, 1899b: 1 (Aculeata section Heterogyna); Bingham, 1903: 1 (tribe Heterogyna, family Formicidae); Wheeler, 1910a: 134 (Formicidae (Heterogyna)); (ii) Heterogyna is not to be confused with Heterogynaidae (type-genus Heterogyna Nagy, 1969), a small family of apoid wasps.]
#312215 (selected) Note 2: Philopona [unavailable name] Philopona Kirby, 1837: 261 [as family-group name (Heterogyna race Philopona), containing only the family Formicidae]. Unavailable name, not based on a genus rank taxon. [Notes (i): Kirby, 1837 defines Philopona as, “all those genera that constitute Linné’s genus Formica, distinguished by their admirable industry, their wonderful economy, and the nests they construct.” By this definition Philopona is an absolute junior synonym of Formicidae; (ii) Westwood, 1839a: 217, refers to the “Sodales (or Philopona K.)”, which contains, “the single family Formicidae”, which “corresponds with the genus Formica of Linnaeus, and the Heterogyna of St. Fargeau.” Thus Philopona and Sodales are absolute synonyms, and both are junior synonyms of Formicidae.]
#312244 Note 3: Socialia [unavailable name] Socialia White, 1884: 246 [as family-group name (Heterogyna phalanx Socialia)]. Unavailable name, not based on a genus rank taxon. [Note: originally designated to include the families Formicidae, Poneridae, and Myrmicidae. Socialia would therefore be equivalent to the modern rank of superfamily, and is synonymous with the modern Formicidae.]
#312245 Note 4: Sodales [unavailable name] Sodales Westwood, 1839a: 217 [as family-group name (synonymous with Philopona), containing only the family Formicidae]. Unavailable name, not based on a genus rank taxon. [Note: Westwood, 1839a refers to the “Sodales (or Philopona K.)” which contains, “the single family Formicidae”, which “corresponds with the genus Formica of Linnaeus, and the Heterogyna of St. Fargeau.” Thus Philopona and Sodales are absolute synonyms, and both are junior synonyms of Formicidae.]