- Formica in Formicites: Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1835: 199.
- Formica in Formicidae: Smith, 1858a: 1.
- Formica in Formicinae: Mayr, 1861: 45 [Formicidae]; Mayr, 1862: 653 (in key) [Formicidae]; Mayr, 1865: 8 [Formicidae]; Mayr, 1868c: 47 [Formicidae].
- Formica in Camponotinae: Forel, 1878c: 373 [Camponotidae]; Emery & Forel, 1879: 450 [Camponotidae]; Dalla Torre, 1893: 192.
- Formica in Camponotinae, Camponotini: Forel, 1886h: 205.
- Formica in Camponotinae, Formicini: Forel, 1893b: 165; Emery, 1895l: 772; Forel, 1899h: 127; Wheeler, 1910a: 143; Forel, 1912j: 89; Wheeler, 1915i: 120; Forel, 1917: 250.
- Formica in Formicinae, Formicini: Ashmead, 1905c: 384; Bondroit, 1918: 41; Wheeler, 1922: 699; Emery, 1925d: 241; all subsequent authors except the following.
- Formica in Formicinae, Formica genus group: Agosti, 1991: 295.
Junior synonyms
-
Adformica
Lomnicki, 1925
Obsolete classification(s): Formica (Adformica)
-
Coptoformica
Müller, 1923
Obsolete classification(s): Formica (Coptoformica)
- Formicina Swainson & Shuckard, 1840
-
Neoformica
Wheeler, 1913
Obsolete classification(s): Formica (Neoformica)
-
Raptiformica
Forel, 1913
Obsolete classification(s): Formica (Raptiformica)
-
Serviformica
Forel, 1913
Obsolete classification(s): Formica (Serviformica)
Obsolete classifications
Genus Formica references
Mayr, 1855: 300 (diagnosis, Austria species key); Smith, 1858a: 1 (diagnosis); Mayr, 1861: 46 (Europe species key); Roger, 1863b: 12 (catalogue); Mayr, 1863a: 410 (catalogue); Mayr, 1865: 8 (diagnosis); Forel, 1874: 51 (Switzerland species key); Forel, 1878c: 373 (diagnosis); André, 1882c: 176 (Europe & Algeria species key); Cresson, 1887: 255 (U.S.A. catalogue); Provancher, 1887: 232 (Canada species key); Nasonov, 1889: 61 (Russia species key); Dalla Torre, 1893: 192 (catalogue); Emery, 1893k: 643 (North America species key); Forel, 1894c: 402 (India species key); Bingham, 1903: 334 (India species key); Ruzsky, 1905b: 318 (Russian Empire species key); Wasmann, 1906: 8 (Luxemburg species key); Emery, 1909b: 180 (Palaearctic species key); Bondroit, 1910: 482 (Belgium species key); Wheeler, 1913i: 387 (subgenera, species groups, all species keys); Stitz, 1914: 88 (Central Europe species key); Donisthorpe, 1915f: 244 (Britain species key); Emery, 1916a: 257 (Italy species key); Wheeler, 1916r: 594 (U.S.A., Connecticut species key); Bondroit, 1917a: 174 (France Formica rufa group, key); Bondroit, 1918: 41 (France & Belgium species key); Wheeler, 1922: 699 (subgenera key); Emery, 1925d: 241 (diagnosis, subgenera key, catalogue); Emery, 1925d: 244 Formica (Neoformica) diagnosis, catalogue; Emery, 1925d: 245 Formica (Serviformica) diagnosis, catalogue; Emery, 1925d: 251 Formica (Formica) diagnosis, catalogue; Emery, 1925d: 258 Formica (Raptiformica) diagnosis, catalogue; Lomnicki, 1925a: 171 (Poland species key); Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, 1926c: 93 (Turkestan species key); Karavaiev, 1927d: 282 (Ukraine species key); Donisthorpe, 1927c: 284 (Britain species key); Arnol'di, 1933a: 603 (Russia species key); Karavaiev, 1936: 220 (Ukraine species key); Menozzi, 1939a: 321 (Himalaya & Tibet species key); Stitz, 1939: 306 (Germany species key); Creighton, 1940a: 1 (North America Formica rufa subspecies key); Kratochvíl, 1941b: 103 (Central Europe species key); Novák & Sadil, 1941: 103 (Central Europe species key); Cole, 1942: 375 (U.S.A., Utah species key); Holgersen, 1943c: 175 (Norway species key); Holgersen, 1944a: 200 (Norway species key); Buren, 1944a: 299 (U.S.A., Iowa species key); Van Boven, 1947b: 187 (Belgium species key); Creighton, 1950a: 456 (North America species key); Chapman & Capco, 1951: 197 (Asia checklist); Yarrow, 1954a: 229 (Britain Formica fusca group); Yarrow, 1955a: 29 (Britain Formica rufa group, key); Wilson & Brown, 1955: 108 (Formica sanguinea & Formica neogagates groups, synopsis); Boven, 1959: 12 (Netherlands species key); Betrem, 1960b: 75 (Formica rufa group, key); Gregg, 1963: 498 (U.S.A., Colorado species key); Wheeler & Wheeler, 1963: 205 (U.S.A., North Dakota species key); Cotti, 1963: 1 (Formica rufa group, bibliography 1930-61); Dlussky, 1964: 1026 (former U.S.S.R. Formica (Coptoformica) species key); Collingwood, 1964b: 109 (Britain species key); Brown, 1965d: 181 (Formica integra subgroup); Dlussky, 1965a: 15 (Mongolia and Tibet species key); Dlussky, 1967a: 39 (Palaearctic species key); Dlussky, 1967b: 80 (*Baltic Amber species key); Bernard, 1967a: 285 (diagnosis, Western Europe species key); Buren, 1968a: 36 (Nearctic Formica sanguinea group species key); Boven, 1970b: 34 (Netherlands species key); Dlussky & Pisarski, 1971: 145 (Poland species key); Francoeur, 1973: 272 (Nearctic Formica fusca group, revision, key); Bolton & Collingwood, 1975: 6 (Britain species key); Tarbinsky, 1976: 177 (Kyrghyzstan species key); Van Boven, 1977: 94 (Belgium species key); Kutter, 1977c: 236 (Switzerland species key); Arnol'di & Dlussky, 1978: 552 (former European U.S.S.R. species key); Collingwood, 1978: 93 (Iberian Peninsula species key); Collingwood, 1979: 112 (Fennoscandia & Denmark species key); Smith, 1979: 1448 (North America catalogue); Douwes, 1979: 187 (Formica rufa group systematics); Kupyanskaya, 1980: 95 (Far Eastern Russia species key); Allred, 1982: 446 (U.S.A., Utah species key); Kupyanskaya, 1984: 103 (Far Eastern Russia Formica truncorum complex, key); Snelling & Buren, 1985: 71 (Nearctic Formica sanguinea group, key); Gösswald, 1985: 274 (Germany species key); Wheeler & Wheeler, 1986g: 76 (U.S.A., Nevada species key); Nilsson & Douwes, 1987: 74 (Norway species key); Agosti & Collingwood, 1987b: 285 (Balkans species key); Gösswald, 1989: 49 (Formica rufa group taxonomy); Agosti & Bolton, 1990b: 149 (characters); Wu, 1990: 4 (China species key); Dlussky et al., 1990: 138 (Turkmenistan species key); Kupyanskaya, 1990a: 174 (Far Eastern Russia species key); Morisita et al., 1991: 31 (Japan species key); Atanassov & Dlussky, 1992: 255 (Bulgaria species key); Agosti, 1994b: 106 (diagnosis, review of genus); Radchenko, 1994b: 112 (South Siberia species key); Arakelian, 1994: 89 (Armenia species key); Bolton, 1994: 50 (synoptic classification); Bolton, 1995a: 1049 (census); Bolton, 1995b: 190 (catalogue); Douwes, 1995: 94 (Sweden species key); Kupyanskaya, 1995: 353 (Far Eastern Russia species key); Wu & Wang, 1995a: 138 (China species key); Seifert, 1996b: 201 (Central Europe species key); Skinner & Allen, 1996: 41 (Britain species key); Collingwood & Prince, 1998: 25 (Portugal species key); Tinaut & Martínez-Ibañez, 1998d: 36 (Iberian Peninsula Formica rufa, Formica sanguinea & Formica exsecta groups, key); Seifert, 2000a: 563 (Palaearctic Formica (Coptoformica) species key); Czechowski et al., 2002: 148 (Poland species key); Chang & He, 2002a: 51 (northwest China species key); Seifert, 2002: 267 (Formica cinerea group revision key); Mackay & Mackay, 2002: 277 (U.S.A., New Mexico species key); Bolton, 2003: 127 (synopsis); Radchenko, 2005b: 188 (North Korea species key); Seifert, 2007: 176 (North and Central Europe species key); Trager et al., 2007: 627 (Formica pallidefulva group key); Dlussky, 2008a: 57 (Europe Eocene amber species key); Terayama, 2009: 224 (Taiwan species key); Seifert & Schultz, 2009b: 258 (Formica rufibarbis group key); Czechowski et al., 2012: 371 (Poland species key); Dlussky & Putyatina, 2014: 254 (Croatian Miocene species, revision); Dlussky et al., 2015 (diagnosis for fossil imprints); Cantone, 2017: 156 (brief male diagnosis); Romiguier et al., 2018: 40 (Palearctic species phylogenomics); Richter et al., 2020: 133 (cranial anatomy); Seifert, 2021: 138 (Palearctic Formica rufa group diagnosis, species complexes), 140 (Palearctic Formica rufa group key to workers); Radchenko et al., 2021: 237 (Rovno amber species); Borowiec et al., 2021: 1 (phylogeny, divergence dating, biogeography, social evolution); Seifert & Schultz, 2021: 177 (revision as subgenus Coptoformica); 182 (Coptoformica diagnosis), 184 (Coptoformica species key (workers)), 187 (Coptoformica species key (queens)); Zhigulskaya et al., 2022: 6 (Formica picea-Formica candida complex phylogeny); Borowiec & Salata, 2022: 152 (diagnosis), 153 (key to Greece subgenera, key to Greece Formica (Formica) species), 161 (key to Greece Formica (Coptoformica) species), 166 (key to Greece Formica (Serviformica) species).
Citations
- Agosti, D. 1991. Revision of the oriental ant genus Cladomyrma, with an outline of the higher classification of the Formicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Systematic Entomology 16:293-310. PDF
- Agosti, D. 1994b. The phylogeny of the ant tribe Formicini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with the description of a new genus. Systematic Entomology 19:93-117. PDF
- Agosti, D.; Bolton, B. 1990b. New characters to differentiate the ant genera Lasius F. and Formica L. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Entomologist's Gazette 41:149-156. PDF
- Agosti, D.; Collingwood, C. A. 1987b. A provisional list of the Balkan ants (Hym. Formicidae) with a key to the worker caste. II. Key to the worker caste, including the European species without the Iberian. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 60:261-293. PDF
- Allred, D. M. 1982. Ants of Utah. Great Basin Naturalist 42:415-511.
- André, Ern. 1882c. Les fourmis [part]. Pp. 153-232 in: André, Edm. 1882. 1881-1886. Species des Hyménoptères d'Europe et d'Algérie. Tome Deuxième. Beaune: Edmond André, 919 + 48 pp. PDF
- Arakelian, G. R. 1994. Fauna of the Republic of Armenia. Hymenopterous insects. Ants (Formicidae). [In Russian.]. Erevan: Gitutium, 153 pp. PDF
- Arnol'di, K. V. 1933a. Formicidae - ants. [In Russian.]. Pp. 594-605 in: Filip'ev, I. N.; Ogloblin, D. A. (eds.) 1933. Keys to insects. [In Russian.]. Moskva: Ogiz, viii + 820 pp.
- Arnol'di, K. V.; Dlussky, G. M. 1978. Superfam. Formicoidea. 1. Fam. Formicidae - ants. [In Russian.]. Pp. 519-556 in: Medvedev, G. S. (ed.) 1978. Keys to the insects of the European part of the USSR. Vol. 3. Hymenoptera. Part 1. [In Russian.]. Opredeliteli Faune SSSR 119:3-584.
- Ashmead, W. H. 1905c. A skeleton of a new arrangement of the families, subfamilies, tribes and genera of the ants, or the superfamily Formicoidea. Canadian Entomologist 37:381-384. PDF
- Atanassov, N.; Dlussky, G. M. 1992. Fauna of Bulgaria. Hymenoptera, Formicidae. [In Bulgarian.]. Fauna na Bûlgariya 22:1-310.
- Bernard, F. 1967a ("1968"). Faune de l'Europe et du Bassin Méditerranéen. 3. Les fourmis (Hymenoptera Formicidae) d'Europe occidentale et septentrionale. Paris: Masson, 411 pp. PDF
- Betrem, J. G. 1960b. Ueber die Systematik der Formica rufa-gruppe. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 103:51-81.
- Bingham, C. T. 1903. The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera, Vol. II. Ants and Cuckoo-wasps. London: Taylor and Francis, 506 pp. PDF
- Bolton, B. 1994. Identification guide to the ant genera of the world. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 222 pp.
- Bolton, B. 1995a. A taxonomic and zoogeographical census of the extant ant taxa (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of Natural History 29:1037-1056. PDF
- Bolton, B. 1995b. A new general catalogue of the ants of the world. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 504 pp.
- Bolton, B. 2003. Synopsis and classification of Formicidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 71:1-370. PDF
- Bolton, B.; Collingwood, C. A. 1975. Handbooks for the identification of British Insects. Hymenoptera, Formicidae. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects 6(3(c)):1-34.
- Bondroit, J. 1910 ("1909"). Les fourmis de Belgique. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 53:479-500. PDF
- Bondroit, J. 1917a. Notes sur quelques Formicidae de France (Hym.). Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 1917:174-177. PDF
- Bondroit, J. 1918. Les fourmis de France et de Belgique. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 87:1-174. PDF
- Borowiec, L.; Salata, S. 2022. A monographic review of ants of Greece (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Vol. 1. Introduction and review of all subfamilies except the subfamily Myrmicinae. Part 1: text. Bytom: Natural History Monographs of the Upper Silesian Museum, 1-297. PDF
- Borowiec, M. L.; Cover, S. P.; Rabeling, C. 2021. The evolution of social parasitism in Formica ants revealed by a global phylogeny. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 118 (38):10 pp. e2026029118. 10.1073/pnas.2026029118 PDF
- Boven, J. K. A. 1959. Vliesvleugelige insekten - Hymenoptera VI. Angeldragers (Aculeata). Mieren (Formicidae). Wetenschappelijke Mededelingen. Koninklijke Nederlandse Natuurhistorische Vereniging 30:1-32.
- Boven, J. K. A. 1970b. Le polymorphisme des ouvrières de Megaponera foetens Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Publicatiës van het Natuurhistorisch Genootschap in Limburg 20(3/4):5-9.
- Brown, W. L., Jr. 1965d. Studies on North American ants. I. The Formica integra subgroup. Entomological News 76:181-186. PDF
- Buren, W. F. 1944a. A list of Iowa ants. Iowa State College Journal of Science 18:277-312. PDF
- Buren, W. F. 1968a. Some fundamental taxonomic problems in Formica (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of the Georgia Entomological Society 3:25-40. PDF
- Cantone, S. 2017. Winged ants – The male. Dichotomous key to genera of winged male ants in the world. Behavioral ecology of mating flight. São Paulo: Autopubblicato, 318 pp. PDF
- Chang, Y.-D.; He, D.-H. 2002a. Taxonomic study of genus Formica L. from northwest China with descriptions of nine new species and four new records (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Formicinae). [In Chinese.]. Zoological Research 23:49-60. PDF
- Chapman, J. W.; Capco, S. R. 1951. Check list of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Asia. Monographs of the Institute of Science and Technology. Manila 1:1-327. PDF
- Cole, A. C., Jr. 1942. The ants of Utah. American Midland Naturalist 28:358-388. PDF
- Collingwood, C. A. 1964b. The identification and distribution of British ants. 1. A revised key to the species found in Britain. Transactions of the Society for British Entomology 16:93-114, 121. PDF
- Collingwood, C. A. 1978. A provisional list of Iberian Formicidae with a key to the worker caste (Hym. Aculeata). EOS. Revista Española de Entomología 52:65-95. PDF
- Collingwood, C. A. 1979. The Formicidae (Hymenoptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica 8:1-174. PDF
- Collingwood, C.; Prince, A. 1998. A guide to ants of continental Portugal (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Boletim da Sociedade Portuguesa de Entomologia. Suplemento 5:1-49.
- Cotti, G. 1963. Bibliografia ragionata 1930-1961 del gruppo Formica rufa in Italiano, Deutsch, English. Collana Verde 8:1-413.
- Creighton, W. S. 1940a. A revision of the North American variants of the ant Formica rufa. American Museum Novitates 1055:1-10. PDF
- Creighton, W. S. 1950a. The ants of North America. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 104:1-585. PDF
- Cresson, E. T. Sr. 1887. Synopsis of the families and genera of the Hymenoptera of America, north of Mexico, together with a catalogue of the described species, and bibliography. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, Suppl. Vol. 1887:1-351. PDF
- Czechowski, W.; Radchenko, A.; Czechowska, W. 2002. The ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of Poland. Warsaw: Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 200 pp. PDF
- Czechowski, W.; Radchenko, A.; Czechowska, W.; Vepsäläinen, K. 2012. The ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Poland with reference to the myrmecofauna of Europe. (Fauna Poloniae n.s. 4). Warsaw: Natura Optima Dux Foundation, 496 pp.
- Dalla Torre, K. W. 1893. Catalogus Hymenopterorum hucusque descriptorum systematicus et synonymicus. Vol. 7. Formicidae (Heterogyna). Leipzig: W. Engelmann, 289 pp. PDF
- Dlussky, G. M. 1964. The ants of the subgenus Coptoformica of the genus Formica (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of the USSR. [In Russian.]. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 43:1026-1040. PDF
- Dlussky, G. M. 1965a. Ants of the genus Formica L. of Mongolia and northeast Tibet (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Annales Zoologici (Warsaw) 23:15-43. PDF
- Dlussky, G. M. 1967a. Ants of the genus Formica (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, g. Formica). [In Russian.]. Moskva: Nauka Publishing House, 236 pp. PDF
- Dlussky, G. M. 1967b. Ants of the genus Formica from the Baltic amber. [In Russian.]. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal 1967(2):80-89. PDF
- Dlussky, G. M. 2008a. Ants of the tribe Formicini (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from late Eocene amber of Europe. [In Russian.]. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal 2008 (5):45-59. PDF
- Dlussky, G. M.; Pisarski, B. 1971. Rewizja polskich gatunków mrówek (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) z rodzaju Formica L. Fragmenta Faunistica (Warsaw) 16:145-224. PDF
- Dlussky, G. M.; Putyatina, T. S. 2014. Early Miocene ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) from Radoboj, Croatia. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie Abhandlungen 272 (3):237-285. PDF
- Dlussky, G. M.; Rasnitsyn, A. P.; Perfilieva, K. S. 2015. The ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Bol’shaya Svetlovodnaya (Late Eocene of Sikhote-Alin, Russian Far East). Caucasian Entomological Bulletin 11 (1):131-152. PDF
- Dlussky, G. M.; Soyunov, O. S.; Zabelin, S. I. 1990. Ants of Turkmenistan. [In Russian.]. Ashkabad: Ylym Press, 273 pp. PDF
- Donisthorpe, H. 1915f. British ants, their life-history and classification. Plymouth: Brendon & Son Ltd., xv + 379 pp. PDF
- Donisthorpe, H. 1927c. British ants, their life history and classification (2nd edn.). London: G. Routledge and Sons, xvi + 436 pp.
- Douwes, P. 1979. Formica rufa-gruppens systematik. Entomologisk Tidskrift 100:187-191. PDF
- Douwes, P. 1995. Sveriges myror. Entomologisk Tidskrift 116:83-99.
- Emery, C. 1893k. Beiträge zur Kenntniss der nordamerikanischen Ameisenfauna. Zoologische Jahrbücher. Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere 7:633-682. PDF
- Emery, C. 1895l. Die Gattung Dorylus Fab. und die systematische Eintheilung der Formiciden. Zoologische Jahrbücher. Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere 8:685-778. PDF
- Emery, C. 1909b. Beiträge zur Monographie der Formiciden des paläarktischen Faunengebietes. (Hym.) Teil VII. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1909:179-204. PDF
- Emery, C. 1916a ("1915"). Fauna entomologica italiana. I. Hymenoptera.-Formicidae. Bullettino della Società Entomologica Italiana 47:79-275. PDF
- Emery, C. 1925d. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Formicinae. Genera Insectorum 183:1-302. PDF
- Emery, C.; Forel, A. 1879. Catalogue des Formicides d'Europe. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 5:441-481. PDF
- Forel, A. 1874. Les fourmis de la Suisse. Systématique, notices anatomiques et physiologiques, architecture, distribution géographique, nouvelles expériences et observations de moeurs. Neue Denkschriften der Allgemeinen Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für die Gesammten Naturwissenschaften 26:1-452. PDF
- Forel, A. 1878c. Études myrmécologiques en 1878 (première partie) avec l'anatomie du gésier des fourmis. Bulletin de la Société Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles 15:337-392. PDF
- Forel, A. 1886h. Études myrmécologiques en 1886. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 30:131-215. PDF
- Forel, A. 1893b. Sur la classification de la famille des Formicides, avec remarques synonymiques. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 37:161-167. PDF
- Forel, A. 1894c. Les Formicides de l'Empire des Indes et de Ceylan. Part IV. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 8:396-420. PDF
- Forel, A. 1899h. Formicidae. [part]. Biologia Centrali-Americana Hym. 3:105-136. PDF
- Forel, A. 1912j. Formicides néotropiques. Part VI. 5me sous-famille Camponotinae Forel. Mémoires de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 20:59-92. PDF
- Forel, A. 1917. Cadre synoptique actuel de la faune universelle des fourmis. Bulletin de la Société Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles 51:229-253. PDF
- Francoeur, A. 1973. Révision taxonomique des espèces néarctiques du groupe fusca, genre Formica (Formicidae, Hymenoptera). Mémoires de la Société Entomologique du Québec 3:1-316. PDF
- Gösswald, K. 1985. Organisation und Leben der Ameisen. Stuttgart: Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 355 pp.
- Gösswald, K. 1989. Die Waldameise. Band 1. Biologische Grundlagen, Ökologie und Verhalten. Wiesbaden: AULA-Verlag, xi + 660 pp.
- Gregg, R. E. 1963. The ants of Colorado, with reference to their ecology, taxonomy, and geographic distribution. Boulder: University of Colorado Press, xvi + 792 pp.
- Holgersen, H. 1943c. Bestemmelsestabell over norske maur (Hym., Formicidae). Norsk Entomologisk Tidsskrift 6:164-182. PDF
- Holgersen, H. 1944a. The ants of Norway (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Nytt Magasin for Naturvidenskapene 84:165-203. PDF
- Karavaiev, V. 1927d. The ant fauna of Ukraine. [In Ukrainian.]. Zbirnyk Prats' Zoolohichnoho Muzeyu 2:1-52 [= Trudy. Ukrains'ka Akademiya Nauk. Fizichno-Matematichnoho Viddilu 4:247-296].
- Karavaiev, V. 1936. The fauna of the family Formicidae (ants) of the Ukraine. Part II (conclusion). [In Ukrainian.]. Trudy Instytutu Zoolohii ta Biolohii Ukrains'koi Akademii Nauk. Seriya 1. Pratsi z Systematyky ta Faunistyky 1936:161-316.
- Kratochvíl, J. 1941b. [Untitled. New subgenera of Tetramorium, and a new subspecies, Tetramorium ferox silhavyi, attributed to Kratochvíl.]. P. 84 in: Novák, V.; Sadil, J. 1941. Klíc k urcování mravencu strední Evropy se zvlástním zretelem k mravencí zvírene Cech a Moravy. Entomologické Listy 4:65-115. PDF
- Kupyanskaya, A. N. 1980. Ants of the genus Formica Linnaeus (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of the Soviet Far East. [In Russian.]. Pp. 95-108 in: Ler, P. A. (ed.) 1980. Taxonomy of insects of the Far East. [In Russian.]. Vladivostok: Akademiya Nauk SSSR, 120 pp. PDF
- Kupyanskaya, A. N. 1984. The ant Formica yessensis Forel, 1901 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) in southern Primorye Territory. [In Russian.]. Pp. 98-112 in: Ler, P. A. (ed.) 1984. The fauna and ecology of insects in the south of the Far East. Collected scientific papers. [In Russian.]. Vladivostok: Akademiya Nauk SSSR, 151 pp.
- Kupyanskaya, A. N. 1990a. Ants of the Far Eastern USSR. [In Russian.]. Vladivostok: Akademiya Nauk SSSR, 258 pp.
- Kupyanskaya, A. N. 1995. Formicidae - Murav'i. Pp. 325-368 in: Ler, P. A. 1995. Opredelitel' Nasekomykh Dal'nego Vostoka Rossii 4. Setchatokyrloobraznye, Skorpionnitsy, Pereponchatokrylye, chast 1. St. Petersburg: Rossiiskaya Akademiya Nauk, 604 pp.
- Kutter, H. 1977c. Hymenoptera, Formicidae. Insecta Helvetica. Fauna 6:1-298.
- Kuznetsov-Ugamsky, N. N. 1926c. Contributions to the knowledge of the myrmecology of Turkestan. I. [In Russian.]. Russkoe Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie 20:93-100. PDF
- Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, A. 1835 ("1836"). Histoire naturelle des insectes. Hyménoptères. Tome I. Paris: Roret, 547 pp. PDF
- Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiae [= Stockholm]: L. Salvii, 824 pp. PDF
- Lomnicki, J. 1925a ("1924"). Przeglad polskich gatunków rodzaju mrówki (Formica Linné). Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne 3:151-182. PDF
- Mackay, W.; Mackay, E. 2002. The ants of New Mexico (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 400 pp. PDF
- Mayr, G. 1855. Formicina austriaca. Beschreibung der bisher im österreichischen Kaiserstaate aufgefundenen Ameisen, nebst Hinzufügung jener in Deutschland, in der Schweiz und in Italien vorkommenden Arten. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Vereins in Wien 5:273-478. PDF
- Mayr, G. 1861. Die europäischen Formiciden. Nach der analytischen Methode bearbeitet. Wien: C. Gerolds Sohn, 80 pp. PDF
- Mayr, G. 1862. Myrmecologische Studien. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 12:649-776. PDF
- Mayr, G. 1863a. Formicidarum index synonymicus. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 13:385-460. PDF
- Mayr, G. 1865. Formicidae. In: Novara Expedition 1865. Reise der Österreichischen Fregatte "Novara" um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859. Zoologischer Theil. Bd. II. Abt. 1. Wien: K. Gerold's Sohn, 119 pp. PDF
- Mayr, G. 1868c. Die Ameisen des baltischen Bernsteins. Beiträge zur Naturkunde Preussens 1:1-102. PDF
- Menozzi, C. 1939a. Formiche dell'Himalaya e del Karakorum raccolte dalla Spedizione italiana comandata da S. A. R. il Duca di Spoleto (1929). Atti della Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano 78:285-345. PDF
- Morisita, M.; Kubota, M.; Onoyama, K.; Ogata, K.; Terayama, M.; Yamauchi, K.; Sonobe, R.; Kondoh, M.; Imai, H. T. 1991. A guide for the identification of Japanese ants. II. Dolichoderinae and Formicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). [In Japanese.]. Tokyo: Myrmecological Society of Japan, 56 pp.
- Nasonov, N. V. 1889. Contribution to the natural history of the ants primarily of Russia. 1. Contribution to the ant fauna of Russia. [In Russian.]. Izvestiya Imperatorskago Obshchestva Lyubitelei Estestvoznaniya Antropologii i Etnografii pri Imperatorskom Moskovskom Universitete 58:1-78.
- Nilsson, O.; Douwes, P. 1987. Norrländska myror med bestämningstabell till arbetarna. Natur i Norr 6:49-90.
- Novák, V.; Sadil, J. 1941. Klíc k urcování mravencu strední Evropy se zvlástním zretelem k mravencí zvírene Cech a Moravy. Entomologické Listy 4:65-115. PDF
- Provancher, L. 1887. Fam. X. - Les Formicides. [combined parts]. Pp. 224-249 in: Provancher, L. 1887. 1885-1889. Additions et corrections au Volume II de la Faune entomologique du Canada, traitant des Hyménoptères. Québec: C. Darveau, 477 pp.
- Radchenko, A. 2005b. Monographic revision of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of North Korea. Annales Zoologici (Warsaw) 55:127-221. PDF
- Radchenko, A. G. 1994b. Identification table for the ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of southern Siberia. [In Russian.]. Pp. 95-118 in: Kotenko, A. G. (ed.) 1994. Hymenopterous insects of Siberia and the Far East. [In Russian.]. Trudy Zapovednika "Daurskii" 3:1-147.
- Radchenko, A. G.; Perkovsky, E. E.; Vasilenko, D. V. 2021. Formica species (Hymenoptera, Formicidae, Formicinae) in late Eocene Rovno amber. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 82:237-251. 10.3897/jhr.82.64599 PDF
- Richter, A.; Hita Garcia, F.; Keller, R. A.; Billen, J.; Economo, E. P.; Beutel, R. G. 2020. Comparative analysis of worker head anatomy of Formica and Brachyponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Arthropod Systematics and Phylogeny 78:133-170. 10.26049/ASP78-1-2020-06 PDF
- Roger, J. 1863b. Verzeichniss der Formiciden-Gattungen und Arten. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 7(Beilage):1-65. PDF
- Romiguier, J.; Rolland, J.; Morandin, C.; Keller, L. 2018. Phylogenomics of palearctic Formica species suggests a single origin of temporary parasitism and gives insights to the evolutionary pathway toward slavemaking behaviour. BMC Evolutionary Biology 18:40. 10.1186/s1186/s12862-018-1159-4 PDF
- Ruzsky, M. 1905b. The ants of Russia. (Formicariae Imperii Rossici). Systematics, geography and data on the biology of Russian ants. Part I. [In Russian.]. Trudy Obshchestva Estestvoispytatelei pri Imperatorskom Kazanskom Universitete 38(4-6):1-800.
- Seifert, B. 1996b. Ameisen beobachten, bestimmen. Augsburg: Naturbuch Verlag, 351 pp.
- Seifert, B. 2000a. A taxonomic revision of the ant subgenus Coptoformica Mueller, 1923 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Zoosystema 22:517-568. PDF
- Seifert, B. 2002. A taxonomic revision of the Formica cinerea group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Abhandlungen und Berichte des Naturkundemuseums Görlitz 74(2):245-272. PDF
- Seifert, B. 2007. Die Ameisen Mittel- und Nordeuropas. Tauer: lutra Verlags- und Vertriebsgesellschaft, 368 pp.
- Seifert, B. 2021. A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic members of the Formica rufa group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) – the famous mound-building red wood ants. Myrmecological News 31:133-179. 10.25849/myrmecol.news_031:133 PDF
- Seifert, B.; Schultz, R. 2009b. A taxonomic revision of the Formica rufibarbis Fabricius, 1793 group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecological News 12:255-272. PDF
- Seifert, B.; Schultz, R. 2021. A taxonomic revision of the Palaearctic ant subgenus Coptoformica Müller, 1923 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Contributions to Entomology 71 (2):177-220. 10.21248/contrib.entomol.71.2.177-220 PDF
- Skinner, G. J.; Allen, G. W. 1996. Ants. Naturalists' Handbook 24. Slough: Richmond Publishing Co., ii + 83 pp.
- Smith, D. R. 1979. Superfamily Formicoidea. Pp. 1323-1467 in: Krombein, K. V.; Hurd, P. D.; Smith, D. R.; Burks, B. D. (eds.) 1979. Catalog of Hymenoptera in America north of Mexico. Volume 2. Apocrita (Aculeata). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. i-xvi, 1199-2209.
- Smith, F. 1858a. Catalogue of hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae. London: British Museum, 216 pp. PDF
- Snelling, R. R.; Buren, W. F. 1985. Description of a new species of slave-making ant in the Formica sanguinea group (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Great Lakes Entomologist 18:69-78. PDF
- Stitz, H. 1914. Die Ameisen (Formicidae) Mitteleuropas, insbesondere Deutschlands. Pp. 1-111 in: Schröder, C. (ed.) 1914. Die Insekten Mitteleuropas insbesondere Deutschlands. Band II, Hymenopteren, 2. Teil. Stuttgart: Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung, 256 pp. PDF
- Stitz, H. 1939. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands und der angrenzenden Meersteile nach ihren Merkmalen und nach ihrer Lebensweise. 37. Theil. Hautflüger oder Hymenoptera. I: Ameisen oder Formicidae. Jena: G. Fischer, 428 pp.
- Tarbinsky, Y. S. 1976. The ants of Kirghizia. [In Russian.]. Frunze: Ilim, 217 pp. PDF
- Terayama, M. 2009. A synopsis of the family Formicidae of Taiwan (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Research Bulletin of Kanto Gakuen University. Liberal Arts 17:81-266. PDF
- Tinaut, A.; Martínez-Ibañez, D. 1998d. Taxonomy and distribution of Formica dusmeti Emery, 1909 and of F. frontalis Santschi, 1919 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Graellsia 54:31-41. PDF
- Trager, J. C.; MacGown, J. A.; Trager, M. D. 2007. Revision of the Nearctic endemic Formica pallidefulva group. Pp. 610-636 in: Snelling, R. R.; Fisher, B. L.; Ward, P. S. (eds.) 2007. Advances in ant systematics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): homage to E.O. Wilson – 50 years of contributions. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 80:690 pp. PDF
- Van Boven, J. K. A. 1947b. Liste de détermination des principales espèces de fourmis belges (Hymenoptera Formicidae). Bulletin et Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 83:163-190. PDF
- Van Boven, J. K. A. 1977. De mierenfauna van België (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Acta Zoologica et Pathologica Antverpiensia 67:1-191. PDF
- Wasmann, E. 1906. Zur Kenntniss der Ameisen und Ameisengäste von Luxemburg. Archives. Institut Grand-Ducal de Luxembourg (n.s.)1(1/2):104-124. PDF
- Wheeler, G. C.; Wheeler, J. 1963. The ants of North Dakota. Grand Forks, North Dakota: University of North Dakota Press, viii + 326 pp.
- Wheeler, G. C.; Wheeler, J. 1986g. The ants of Nevada. Los Angeles: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, vii + 138 pp. PDF
- Wheeler, W. M. 1910a. Ants: their structure, development and behavior. New York: Columbia University Press, xxv + 663 pp. PDF
- Wheeler, W. M. 1913i. A revision of the ants of the genus Formica (Linné) Mayr. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 53:379-565. PDF
- Wheeler, W. M. 1915i ("1914"). The ants of the Baltic Amber. Schriften der Physikalisch-Ökonomischen Gesellschaft zu Königsberg 55:1-142. PDF
- Wheeler, W. M. 1916r. Formicoidea. Formicidae. Pp. 577-601 in: Viereck, H. L. 1916. Guide to the insects of Connecticut. Part III. The Hymenoptera, or wasp-like insects, of Connecticut. Connecticut State Geological and Natural History Survey. Bulletin 22:1-824.
- Wheeler, W. M. 1922. Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. New York: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 1139.
- Wilson, E. O.; Brown, W. L., Jr. 1955. Revisionary notes on the sanguinea and neogagates groups of the ant genus Formica. Psyche (Cambridge) 62:108-129. PDF
- Wu, J. 1990. Taxonomic studies on the genus Formica L. of China (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). [In Chinese.]. Forest Research 3:1-8. PDF
- Wu, J.; Wang, C. 1995a. The ants of China. [In Chinese.]. Beijing: China Forestry Publishing House, x + 214 pp.
- Yarrow, I. H. H. 1954a. The British ants allied to Formica fusca L. (Hym., Formicidae). Transactions of the Society for British Entomology 11:229-244. PDF
- Yarrow, I. H. H. 1955a. The British ants allied to Formica rufa L. (Hym., Formicidae). Transactions of the Society for British Entomology 12:1-48. PDF
- Zhigulskaya, Z. A.; Shekhovtsov, S. V.; Poluboyarova, T. V.; Berman, D. I. 2022. Formica picea and F. candida (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): synonyms or two species? Diversity 14(8), 613:1-9. 10.3390/d14080613 PDF
Extant: 179 valid species, 11 valid subspecies
Fossil: 58 valid species, 2 valid subspecies
More statistics