- Formicidae as family: Latreille, 1809: 124 [Formicariae]; Leach, 1815: 147 [Formicarides]; Stephens, 1829b: 356 [first spelling as Formicidae]; Haliday, 1836: 331; Westwood, 1839a: 217; Swainson & Shuckard, 1840: 171; Nylander, 1846a: 877; Foerster, 1850a: 1 [Formicariae]; Mayr, 1855: 275 [Formicina]; Smith, 1857a: 52; Smith, 1858a: 1; Mayr, 1861: 21; Mayr, 1865: 6; Heer, 1867: 6 [Formicaria]; Forel, 1870: 307 [Formicinae]; Forel, 1874: 19 [Formicariae]; Dalla Torre, 1893: 1; Forel, 1899b: 1; Ruzsky, 1902d: 5 [Formicarii]; Bingham, 1903: 1; Ruzsky, 1905b: 91 [Formicariae or Formicidae]; Ashmead, 1905c: 384; all subsequent authors
FAMILY FORMICIDAE REFERENCES, WORLD
WORLD CATALOGUES
Roger, 1863b: 1 (Formicidae); Mayr, 1863a: 394 (Formicidae); Dalla Torre, 1893: 1 (Formicidae); Emery, 1910b: 3 (Dorylinae); Emery, 1911e: 2 (Ponerinae); Emery, 1913a: 2 (Dolichoderinae); Emery, 1921c: 3, Emery, 1922c: 95 and Emery, 1924f: 207 (Myrmicinae); Emery, 1925d: 2 (Formicinae); Shattuck, 1994: 1 (Aneuretinae and Dolichoderinae); Bolton, 1995b: 7 (Formicidae)
WORLD SYNOPTIC CLASSIFICATIONS
Forel, 1893b: 161 (Formicidae); Emery, 1895l: 764 (Formicidae); Emery, 1896e: 173 (Formicidae); Ashmead, 1905c: 381 (Formicidae); Wheeler, 1910a: 134 (Formicidae); Emery, 1910b: 3 (Dorylinae); Emery, 1911e: 2 (Ponerinae); Emery, 1913a: 2 (Dolichoderinae); Forel, 1917: 235 (Formicidae); Emery, 1921c: 3 and Emery, 1922c: 95 (Myrmicinae); Wheeler, 1922: 631 (Formicidae); Emery, 1924f: 207 (Myrmicinae); Emery, 1925d: 2 (Formicinae); Brown, 1973b: 165, 178 (Formicidae); Snelling, 1981: 387 (Formicidae); Wheeler & Wheeler, 1985b: 256 (Formicidae); Dlussky & Fedoseeva, 1988: 77 (Formicidae); Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 9 (Formicidae); Bolton, 1994: 12 (Formicidae); Bolton, 2003: 4 (Formicidae); Engel & Grimaldi, 2005: 4 (Formicidae); Ward, 2007c: 549 (Formicidae); Borysenko, 2017: 1; Boudinot et al., 2020: 27 (synopsis of Mesozoic Formicoidea); Fernández et al., 2021: 1 (Neotropical Formicidae, synopsis of supraspecific taxa).
WORLD IDENTIFICATION KEYS
Emery, 1896e: 173 (Formicidae subfamilies and genera); Emery, 1910b: 4 (Dorylinae tribes and genera); Emery, 1911e: 4 (Ponerinae tribes and genera); Emery, 1913a: 6 (Dolichoderinae tribes and genera); Escherich, 1917: 2 (Formicidae subfamilies); Emery, 1921c: 9, 12, 16 (Myrmicinae tribes and genera); Wheeler, 1922: 631 (Formicidae subfamilies, tribes and genera); Emery, 1925d: 7 (Formicinae tribes and genera); Clark, 1951: 14 (Formicidae subfamilies); Wheeler & Wheeler, 1972a: 42 (Formicidae subfamilies); Snelling, 1981: 386 (Formicidae subfamilies); Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 33 (Formicidae subfamilies and genera); Bolton, 1990c: 1361 (Formicidae subfamilies); Shattuck, 1992c: 20 (Dolichoderinae genera); Ward, 1990: 464 (Pseudomyrmecinae genera); Brothers & Finnamore, 1993: 218 (Formicidae subfamilies); Bolton, 1994: 7 (Formicidae subfamilies and genera); Bolton, 2003: 11 (revision of subfamilies); Boudinot, 2015: 14 (Formicidae subfamilies, male-based); Cantone, 2017: 1 (Formicidae male wing venation, key to most genera); Boudinot et al., 2020: 27 (Mesozoic Formicoidea synopsis, key); Boudinot et al., 2022: 6 (revision of male-based key to subfamilies).
EVOLUTION AND PHYLOGENY OF FORMICIDAE
Wheeler, 1920: 52; Emery, 1920e: 370; Donisthorpe, 1922b: xlvi; Wheeler, 1923g: 156; Wheeler, 1928h: 124; Stitz, 1935a: 211; Morley, 1938: 190; Brown & Nutting, 1950: 113; Bernard, 1951c: 1041; Brown, 1954e: 30; Wilson et al., 1967: 12; Taylor, 1978a: 982; Rasnitsyn, 1980: 45-46 (foldout page); Lutz, 1986: 213; Dlussky & Fedoseeva, 1988: 137; Baroni Urbani, 1989: 137; Brandão et al., 1990: 201; Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 26; Hashimoto, 1991a: 125; Hashimoto, 1991b: 289; Baroni Urbani et al., 1992: 301; Shattuck, 1992b: 203; Brothers & Carpenter, 1993: 227; Ward, 1994: 173; Hashimoto, 1996: 340; Crozier et al., 1997: 22; Grimaldi et al., 1997: 25; Perrault, 1999b: 125; Brothers, 1999: 233; Grimaldi & Agosti, 2000b: 13680; Ohnishi et al., 2004: 419; Astruc et al., 2004: 880; Grimaldi & Engel, 2005: 440; Wilson & Hölldobler, 2005a: 7411; Brady et al., 2006: 18172; Moreau et al., 2006: 101; Ouellette et al., 2006: 359; Rabeling et al., 2008: 14914; Kück et al., 2011: 1; Keller, 2011: 1; Moreau & Bell, 2013: 2245; Johnson et al., 2013: 2060; Peters et al., 2017: 1015; Branstetter et al., 2017: 1021; Branstetter et al., 2017: 774; Blanchard & Moreau, 2017: 315; Economo et al., 2018: 1; Borowiec et al., 2019: 111; Greer & Moreau, 2022: 60 (ant cocoons); Fernández et al., 2021: 1 (Neotropical Formicidae); Romiguier et al., 2022: 1
PALAEONTOLOGY OF FORMICIDAE
Scudder, 1891: 682 (fossil taxa catalogue); Handlirsch, 1907: 859 (fossil taxa catalogue); Wheeler, 1915i: 1 (Baltic amber fauna synopsis); Burnham, 1979: 108 (fossils in amber checklist); Keilbach, 1982: 272 (fossils in amber checklist); Spahr, 1987: 41 (fossils in amber checklist); Brandão et al., 1990: 201 (oldest fossil record); Carpenter, 1992: 490 (fossil genera review); Bolton, 1995b: 4 (fossil taxa checklist, in catalogue); Grimaldi et al., 1997: 1 (Cretaceous genera in amber review); Dlussky, 1997a: 617 (Baltic amber genera key); Bolton, 2003: 73 (fossil subfamilies synopsis); Dlussky & Rasnitsyn, 2007: 118 (Palaeontological record); Perrichot et al., 2008: 85 (Cretaceous ants review); Dlussky & Rasnitsyn, 2009: 1024 (European Upper Eocene amber, synopsis of species); LaPolla et al., 2013 (Mesozoic and Cenozoic major ant fossil deposits list, Cretaceous and Cenozoic ant fossils bibliographical review); Dlussky et al., 2015 (Late Eocene of Sikhote-Alin fossils); Barden & Grimaldi, 2016 (Cretaceous stem-group ants and phylogeny); Perrichot et al., 2016: 1468 (Cretaceous ants morphology and ecology); Barden, 2017 (literature review); Zheng et al., 2018 (subfamily records from Late Cretaceous burmite); Barden & Engel, 2019 (broad-perspective review of fossil record); Barden et al., 2020 (morphospace); Boudinot et al., 2020: 27 (synopsis, key to Mesozoic Formicoidea); Perrichot et al., 2020 (Cretaceous stem-group ants); Radchenko & Perkovsky, 2021: 47 (Bitterfield syninclusions; tropical, Holarctic elements of Baltic ambers); Perrichot et al., 2022 (Miocene ants from Ethiopian amber).
OTHER GENERAL REFERENCES
Bolton, 1995a: 1038 (census of extant taxa); Ward et al., 1996: 55 (bibliography of systematics); Brown, 2000a: 46 (overview of genera); Brandão, 2000: 172 (list of major ant collections); Bolton, 2003: 15, 77 (diagnosis, synopsis); Bolton, 2007a: 51 (method for taxonomic revisions); Taylor, 2007: 580 (eusociality in ants); Gull-e-Fareen et al., 2020: 101 (ant-aphid trophic interactions).
AUSTRALASIAN
Taylor & Brown, 1985: 5; Taylor, 1987a: 1; Taylor, 1987b: 1 (supplement to previous); Heterick, 2021: 1 (Western Australia checklist).
INDOMALAYAN
Chapman & Capco, 1951: 9; Wang et al., 2022: 5 (Singapore checklist).
NEARCTIC
Smith, 1951c: 778 (North America, north of Mexico, catalogue); Smith, 1958c: 108 (North America, north of Mexico, catalogue, first supplement); Smith, 1967a: 343 (North America, north of Mexico, catalogue, second supplement); Smith, 1979: 1323 (North America, north of Mexico, catalogue, volume 2); Castaño-Meneses et al., 2015 (Mexico partial checklist).
NEOTROPICAL
Kempf, 1972b: 3; Brandão, 1991: 319 (supplement to previous); Castaño-Meneses et al., 2015 (Mexico partial checklist); Salazar & Donoso, 2013: 151 (partial checklist); De Albuquerque et al., 2021: 1 (comprehensive inventory of ant species and their distribution in Pará, Brazil).
PALEARCTIC
Karaman, 2011b (Montenegro catalogue); Borowiec, 2014 (Europe, Mediterranean Basin and adjacent regions); Gómez, 2017: 233 (Malta checklist); Zhu et al., 2022: 8 (northern Shaanxi, China checklist).
REGIONAL AND NATIONAL FAUNAS WITH KEYS
AFROTROPICAL AND MALAGASY
Forel, 1891c: 8 (Madagascar genera); Arnold, 1915: 6 (South Africa); Arnold, 1916: 159 (South Africa); Bolton, 1973a: 321 (West Africa subfamilies & genera); Bolton, in Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 39 (Afrotropical and Malagasy genera key); Bolton, 1994: 23, 44, 79, 155 (Dolichoderinae, Formicinae, Myrmicinae, Ponerinae genera keys); Yoshimura & Fisher, 2007: 27 (Malagasy subfamilies, males key); Yoshimura & Fisher, 2009: 8 (Proceratiinae males); Yoshimura & Fisher, 2011: 7 (Dolichoderinae males); Yoshimura & Fisher, 2012a: 11 (Amblyoponinae males); Fisher & Bolton, 2016: 60 (Afrotropical and Malagasy genera key, workers).
AUSTRALASIAN
Forel, 1905d: 353 (New Zealand); Brown, 1958h: 1 (New Zealand); Brown & Taylor, 1970: 958 (Australia subfamilies); Greenslade, 1979: 10 (South Australia subfamilies); Taylor, R.W., in Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 55 (Australia genera key); Taylor, 1991d: 987 (Australia subfamilies); Bolton, 1994: 24, 47, 91, 159 (Dolichoderinae, Formicinae, Myrmicinae, Ponerinae genera keys); Shattuck, 1999: 21 (Australia subfamilies & genera); Andersen, 2000: 14 (northern Australia subfamilies & genera); Don, 2007: 39 (New Zealand); Heterick, 2009: 16, 28 (south-western Australia subfamilies & genera); Jennings et al., 2013: 20 (New Caledonia species checklist); Heterick, 2021: 20 (key to Western Australian subfamilies), 23 (key to Western Australian genera), 36 (key to Western Australian species).
INDOMALAYAN
Forel, 1892k: 219 (India & Sri Lanka); Bingham, 1903: 1 (India, Sri Lanka & Burma); Wilson & Taylor, 1967b: 10 (Polynesia); Bolton, in Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 46 (Oriental and Indo-Australian genera key); Bolton, 1994: 23, 45, 84, 158 (Dolichoderinae, Formicinae, Myrmicinae, Ponerinae genera keys); Wu & Wang, 1995a: 30 (China); Zhou, 2001a: 21 (China, Guangxi subfamilies); Clouse, 2007b: 190 (Micronesia); Framenau & Thomas, 2008: 52 (Christmas I.); Terayama, 2009: 81 (Taiwan); Eguchi et al., 2011: 7 (Vietnam subfamilies key); Pfeiffer et al., 2011: 32 (ants of Borneo, checklist); General & Alpert, 2012: 68 (Philippines genera key); Sarnat & Economo, 2012: 1 (Fiji); Yamane, 2013: 1 (Krakatau Islands, species keys)
NEARCTIC
Provancher, 1883: 596 (Canada); Provancher, 1887: 225 (Canada); Cresson, 1887: 93 (U.S.A.); Wheeler, 1910a: 557 (North America genera); Wheeler, 1916r: 579 (U.S.A., Connecticut); Cole, 1942: 359 (U.S.A., Utah); Smith, 1943e: 276 (U.S.A. subfamilies & genera, males); Buren, 1944a: 278 (U.S.A., Iowa); Smith, 1947f: 524 (U.S.A. genera); Creighton, 1950a: 29 (North America); Gregg, 1963: 278 (U.S.A., Colorado); Wheeler & Wheeler, 1963: 149 (U.S.A., North Dakota); Francoeur, 1979a: 48 (Canada, Québec, introduction); Allred, 1982: 437 (U.S.A., Utah); Wheeler & Wheeler, 1986g: 16 (U.S.A., Nevada); MacKay et al., 1988: 81 (U.S.A., New Mexico); Cover, in Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 62 (Nearctic genera key); Mackay & Mackay, 2002: 16 (U.S.A., New Mexico); Dlussky & Rasnitsyn, 2003: 430 (*Eocene North American genera); Bolton, 1994: 25, 38, 48, 95, 160 (Dolichoderinae, Ecitoninae, Formicinae, Myrmicinae, Ponerinae genera keys); Coovert, 2005: 1 (U.S.A., Ohio); Ward, 2005: 20 (U.S.A., California genera); Fisher & Cover, 2007: 1 (North American genera key)
NEOTROPICAL
Gallardo, 1915: 30 (Argentina genera); Menozzi & Russo, 1930: 169 (Dominican Republic); Smith, 1937: 822 (Puerto Rico); Kusnezov, 1956a: 7 (Argentina); Kusnezov, 1960b: 330 (West Patagonia); Snelling & Hunt, 1976: 63 (Chile); Kempf, 1978a: 33 (Neotropical subfamilies); Baroni Urbani, 1984: 73 (Neotropical genera); Mackay & MacKay, 1989: 1 (Mexico genera); Cover, in Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 69 (Neotropical genera key); Lattke, in Jaffe, 1993: 145 (Neotropical subfamilies & genera); Bolton, 1994: 26, 38, 49, 98, 162 (Dolichoderinae, Ecitoninae, Formicinae, Myrmicinae, Ponerinae genera keys); Fernández et al., 1996: 353 (Neotropical subfamilies); Fernández & Ospina, 2003: 49 (Neotropical genera synopsis); Palacio & Fernández, 2003: 233 (Neotropical subfamilies and genera keys); Baccaro et al., 2015: (Brazil key to genera); Boudinot, 2019: 487 (Neotropical subfamilies and genera, males key); Fernández et al., 2019c: 459 (Neotropical subfamilies and genera diagnoses).
PALAEARCTIC
Mayr, 1855: 299 (Austria); Mayr, 1861: 25 (Europe); Forel, 1874: 19 (Switzerland); Saunders, 1880: 202 (Britain); André, 1882a: 125 (Europe & Algeria); Nasonov, 1889: 50 (Russia); Lameere, 1892: 62 (Belgium); Saunders, 1896: 18 (Britain); Ruzsky, 1905b: 99 (Russian Empire); Wasmann, 1906: 7 (Luxemburg); Emery, 1908a (Palaearctic); Bondroit, 1910: 480 (Belgium); Stitz, 1914: 54 (Central Europe); Donisthorpe, 1915f: 65 (Britain); Forel, 1915d: 1 (Switzerland); Emery, 1916a: 92 (Italy); Bondroit, 1918: 12 (France & Belgium); Kutter, 1920b: 132 (Switzerland); Soudek, 1922b: 17 (Czechoslovakia); Lomnicki, 1925a: 160 (Poland); Stärcke, 1926b: 79 (Netherlands); Karavaiev, 1927d: 254 (Ukraine); Donisthorpe, 1927c: 66 (Britain); Arnol'di, 1933a: 596 (Russia); Menozzi, 1933b: 87 (Israel); Karavaiev, 1934: 48 (Ukraine); Stitz, 1939: 56 (Germany); Kratochvíl, 1941b: 69 (Central Europe); Novák & Sadil, 1941: 69 (Central Europe); Ceballos, 1943: 313 (Spain);Holgersen, 1942b: 3 (Northern Norway); Holgersen, 1943c: 166 and Holgersen, 1944a: 198 (Norway); Van Boven, 1947b: 168 (Belgium); Collingwood, 1958b: 69 (Britain); Somfai, 1959: 1 (Hungary); Boven, 1959: 1 (Netherlands); Collingwood, 1964b: 93 (Britain); Bernard, 1967a: 75 (Western Europe); Boven, 1970b: 7 (Netherlands); Tarbinsky, 1976: 14 (Kyrghyzstan); Bolton & Collingwood, 1975: 1 (Britain); Van Boven, 1977: 1 (Belgium); Kutter, 1977c: 19 (Switzerland); Brian, 1977: 33 (Britain); Arnol'di & Dlussky, 1978: 520 (former European U.S.S.R.); Collingwood, 1978: 65 (Iberian Peninsula); Collingwood, 1979: 28 (Fennoscandia & Denmark); Schembri & Collingwood, 1981: 417 (Malta); Verhaeghe et al., 1984: 105 (Belgium genera); Gösswald, 1985: 262 (Germany); Collingwood, 1985: 230 (Saudi Arabia); Nilsson & Douwes, 1987: 56 (Norway); Agosti & Collingwood, 1987b: 261 (Balkans); Casevitz-Weulersse, 1990b: 135 and Casevitz-Weulersse, 1990c: 415 (Corsica); Dlussky et al., 1990: 99 (Turkmenistan); Kupyanskaya, 1990a: 83 (Far Eastern Russia); Bolton, in Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 34 (Palaearctic genera key); Atanassov & Dlussky, 1992: 47 (Bulgaria); Arakelian, 1994: 1 (Armenia); Radchenko, 1994b: 95 (South Siberia); Seifert, 1994a: 1 (Germany, synopsis); Onoyama & Terayama, 1994: 1 (Japan bibliography); Bolton, 1994: 22, 42, 75, 153 (Dolichoderinae, Formicinae, Myrmicinae, Ponerinae genera keys); Douwes, 1995: 83 (Sweden); Kupyanskaya, 1995: 327 (Far Eastern Russia); Wu & Wang, 1995a: 30 (China); Fontenla Rizo, 1995b: 16 (Cuba, tramp species key); Collingwood & Agosti, 1996: 300 (Saudi Arabia); Collingwood & Van Harten, 1994: 1 (Yemen); Seifert, 1996b: 106 (Central Europe); Skinner & Allen, 1996: 40 (Britain); Dlussky, 1997a: 616 (*Baltic Amber genera); Collingwood & Prince, 1998: 9 (Portugal); Czechowski et al., 2002: 133 (Poland); Aktaç & Radchenko, 2002: 53 (Turkey genera); Yoshimura & Onoyama, 2002b: 424 (Japan genera, males key); Imai et al., 2003: 8 (Japan); Radchenko, 2005b: 183 (North Korea); Seifert, 2007: 107 (North and Central Europe); Boer, 2010: 8 (Benelux); Lapeva-Gjonova et al., 2010: 1 (Bulgaria species catalogue); Csősz et al., 2011: 56 (Hungary species catalogue); Czechowski et al., 2012: 333 (Poland); Douwes et al., 2012: 1 (Sweden); Dong, 2017: 76 (South Korea); Borowiec & Salata, 2022: 1 (review of ants of Greece), 13 (key to subfamilies).
ANATOMY AND MORPHOLOGY OF FORMICIDAE
GENERAL
Mayr, 1861: 1 (general morphology); Forel, 1874: 1 (general anatomy); Lubbock, 1877: 121; Lubbock, 1879: 738; André, 1882: 5; Janet, 1902: 25 (general anatomy); Janet, 1904: 3 (general anatomy); Janet, 1905: 1 (Lasius cranial anatomy); Janet, 1909 1 (general morphology); Wheeler, 1910a: 13 (general morphology, anatomy); Janet, 1923: 5 (anatomical drawings synopsis); Pavan & Ronchetti, 1955: 3 (Linepithema humile, anatomy); Whelden, 1957: 271 (Rhytidoponera general anatomy, see also Whelden, 1958a: 80); Whelden, 1958b: 1 (Stigmatomma general anatomy); Whelden, 1960: 93 (Rhytidoponera metallica); Schneider, 1964: 103 (antennal anatomy review); Bernard, 1967a: 5; Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 5 (glossary, glandular anatomy); Bolton, 1994: 191 (morphology glossary); Serna & MacKay, 2010: 1 (Procryptocerus morphology, see also Serna et al., 2011: 67); Keller, 2011: 1 (phylogenetic analysis of morphology); Delsinne et al., 2019: 387 (morphology glossary)
HEAD (SKELETON AND MUSCULATURE)
Janet, 1899b: 295 (Myrmica tentorium); Bugnion, 1930: 85 (mouthparts); Gotwald, 1969b: 1 (mouthparts and gaster); Masson, 1972b: 343 (Camponotus antennal articulations); Gronenberg & Ehmer, 1996: 153 (Anochetus mandibular muscles); Ehmer & Gronenberg, 1997: 287 (antennal musculature, physiology); Paul & Gronenberg, 1999: 797 (cranial muscle attachments, physiology); Paul, 2001: 7 (mandible musculature, movements); Paul et al., 2002: 39 (cranial, mouthpart musculature); Schofield et al., 2002: 579 (mandibular tooth hardness); Muscedere et al., 2011: 783 (Pheidole cranial muscle maturation); Larabee & Suarez, 2014: 25 (trap-jaw evolution); Raderschall et al., 2016: 1449 (head roll control); Lillico-Ouachour et al., 2018: 383 (Pheidole intercaste cranial anatomy); Khalife et al., 2018: 30 (Melissotarsus cranial and leg anatomy); Kubota et al., 2019: 1 (Lasius tentorium); Barlow et al., 2019 1 (mandible histology); Richter et al., 2019: 26 (head anatomy, Wasmannia); Richter et al., 2020: 133 (head anatomy, Formicinae, Ponerinae); Richter et al., 2021: 85 (head anatomy, Protanilla); Klunk et al., 2021: 1 (mandible functional morphology in Pheidole); Boudinot et al., 2021: 1 (male head anatomy, sexual dimorphism; Dorylus); Richter et al., 2022: 1 (head anatomy groundplan); Richter et al., 2023: 35 (Tatuidris tatusia head anatomy, evolutionary implications).
EYES
Bernstein & Finn, 1971: 708 (Formica rufa intranidal ommatidium variation); Menzi, 1986: 11 (nocturnal/diurnal adaptations); Greiner et al., 2007: 879 (Myrmecia photoreceptor variation); Nakanishi et al., 2009: e76015 (Polyrhachis sakalava compound eye light-regime adaptations); Narendra et al., 2011: 1141 (Myrmecia interspecific and inter-caste visual adaptations); Schwarz et al., 2011: 128 (Melophorus bagoti visual system); Narendra et al., 2016: 22331 (Camponotus consobrinus inter-caste eye anatomy); Ramirez-Esquivel et al., 2017: 552 (Temnothorax rugatulus setation, compound eye anatomy);
MESOSOMA (SKELETON AND MUSCULATURE)
Lubbock, 1881: 141 (Lasius w.q. mesosomal skeletomusculature); Janet, 1897b: 1 (Myrmica w. mesosoma); Janet, 1898f: 393 (Myrmica q. mesosoma); Janet, 1899a: 249 (Myrmica alate mesosoma, flight mechanism); Janet, 1906: 522 (metanotal diaphragm); Emery, 1900a: 103 (mesosomal exoskeleton); Janet, 1907: 1 (Lasius histolyzed flight musculature); Snodgrass, 1910: 81 (mesosomal exoskeleton); Tulloch, 1935: 93 (mesosomal exoskeleton); Reid, 1941: 418 (worker thoracic exoskeleton); Gregg, 1953c: 328 (promesonotal suture motility); Markl, 1966: 138 (Formica mesosoma skeletomusculature, innervation); Matsuda, 1970: 353 (review of mesosomal anatomy); Jones et al., 1978: 603 (Solenopsis flight musculature histolysis); Saini et al., 1982: (Camponotus w.q. mesosomal skeletomusculature); Hashimoto, 1991b: 289 (tibial spurs); Menzel & Tautz, 1994: 735 (subgenual organ); Perrault, 1999b: 125 (thoracic anatomy); Lattke, 2004: 242 (Ectatomminae prosternum); Nguyen et al., 2014: 497 (Formica neck joint); Boudinot, 2015: 1 (family diagnosis, mesosoma, coxae); Khalife et al., 2018: 30 (Melissotarsus cranial and leg anatomy); Liu et al., 2019: 1 (Myrmecia mesosomal anatomy, and apomorphies for family); Fedoseeva & Grevtsova, 2020: 410 (Lasius niger, Formica rufa queen flight muscle histolysis, oogenesis, fat bodies); Matte & Billen, 2021: 1 (Lasius niger queen flight muscle histolysis); Aibekova et al., 2022: 1 (Formica rufa worker mesosomal skeletomusculature); Lieberman et al., 2022: 693 (Amblyopone australis mesosoma anatomy, part); Khalife et al., 2022: 1 (Carebara worker, solder mesosoma anatomy)
LEGS
Janet, 1895a: 691 (Myrmica strigil); Gennerich, 1922: 26 (strigil); Dashman, 1953: 56 (general pretarsal terminology); Freeland et al., 1982: 257 (arolium presence across Formicidae); Schönitzer & Lawitzky, 1986: 189 (antenna cleaning apparatus ultrastructure); Schönitzer & Lawitzky, 1987: (antenna cleaning apparatus Aculeata comparison); Francoeur & Loiselle, 1988a: 333 (strigil, evolution); Basibuyuk & Quicke, 1994: 205 (Dorylus strigil); Basibuyuk & Quicke, 1995: 171, 176 (antenna cleaning apparatus); Basibuyuk & Quickle, 1999: 349 (grooming, tarsus, tibial spur morphology); Basibuyuk et al., 2000: 625 (manubrium, manubrial sensillae); Federle et al., 2000: 505 (comparative attachment capacities); Federle et al., 2001: 6215 (pretarsal anatomy, functional morphology); Orivel et al., 2001: 449 (Ponerinae pretarsal morphology); Federle et al., 2002: 1100 (Oecophylla smaragdina aroliar wet adhesion); Schulmeister, 2003: 156 (Cataglyphis tarsal plantulae); Böröczky et al., 2013: 3616 (Camponotus pennsylvanicus grooming); Federle et al., 2004: 67 (Oecophylla smaragdina arolium biomechanics); Federle & Endlein, 2004: 67 (Oecophylla smaragdina arolium control); Endlein & Federle, 2015: e0141269 (Oecophylla smaragdina arolium, distal tarsal brush); Hackmann et al., 2015: (functional morphology antenna cleaner); Billen et al., 2017: 24 (Brachyponera sennaarensis, Daceton armigerum pretarsus, climbing ability); Beutel et al., 2020: 1 (Formica tarsal anatomy, grooming and attachment structures); Billen et al., 2021: 1 (basitarsal sulcus gland)
WINGS
Emery, 1913d: 577 (wing venation); Brown & Nutting, 1950: 113 (wing venation); Ogata, 1984: 4; Ogata, 1991b: 64 (forewing venation); Basibuyuk & Quicke, 1997: 1563 (hamuli); Perfilieva, 2010: 965 (wing venation); Cantone & Von Zuben, 2019: 1 (hindwing venation); Cantone, 2019: 1 (wing venation).
METASOMA (SKELETON AND MUSCULATURE)
Janet, 1893: 159 (stridulum); Janet, 1894a: 109 (Myrmica stridulum); Janet, 1894e: 591 (Myrmica metasoma); Janet, 1894f: 185 Myrmica petiole); Janet, 1902: 1 (Myrmica metasoma}; Short, 1959: 194 (Dorylus anterior metasomal skeletomusculature); Gotwald, 1969b: 1 (mouthparts and gaster); Markl, 1973: 258 (stridulum); Bolton, 1990a: (abdominal morphology); Hashimoto, 1996: 340 (anterior metasomal skeletomusculature); Perrault, 2005: 291 (anterior metasomal anatomy); Lieberman et al., 2022: 693 (abdominal skeletomusculature, soft tissue anatomy)
VENOM APPARATUS
Meinert, 1861: 723 (sting apparatus); Fenger, 1863: 137 (ants, aculeates; caution: figures with errors); Forel, 1878a: 28 (morphology, glands, emphasis on Formicinae Dolichoderinae); Dewitz, 1877: 527 (Formica rufa sting anatomy, development); Beyer, 1890: 1; Janet, 1898c: 638 (sting function, glands); Janet, 1898e: 1 (Myrmica sting function, gland); Daly, 1955: 1 (skeletomusculature); Kugler, 1978a: 413 (sting morphology, Myrmicinae); Kugler, 1979c: 117 (sting evolutionary morphology [for treatment of other groups, search for C. Kugler references]); Hermann & Chao, 1983: 329 (sting comparative anatomy, emphasis on furcula); Somala et al., 2020: 53 (Tetraponera rufonigra sting histology); Lieberman et al., 2022: 693 (sting skeletomusculature, soft tissue anatomy)
GENITALIA
Kempf, 1956: 101 (male genitalia); Ogata, 1983a: 2 (male genitalia), Ogata, 1991b: 61 (male genitalia); Boudinot, 2013: 29 (male genitalia).
SKELETON AND MUSCULATURE: MISCELLANEOUS
Janet, 1895b: 610 (muscles); Janet, 1895c: 1 (articulatory membrane, tendon, muscle); Janet, 1897b: 1 (Myrmica post-cephalic segmentation, musculature); Janet, 1898a: 435 (post-cephalic segmentation, membranes); Harris, 1979: 1 (surface sculpture); Gronenberg & Ehmer, 1995: 68 (tubular muscle fibers).
ALIMENTARY CANAL
Forel, 1878c: 339 (proventriculus); Bugnion, 1926 33 (anterior alimentary canal, see also: Bugnion, 1927a: 59; Bugnion, 1927c: 105; Bugnion, 1929: 55; Bugnion, 1930: 85); Haskins & Whelden, 1954: 33 (Myrmecia food transfer); Eisner, 1957: 439 (proventriculus); Brown, 1988h: 17 (malpighian tubule numbers); Caetano, 1988: 129 (digestive tract anatomy); Solis et al., 2012: 1 (Monomorium digestive tract); Casadei-Ferreira et al., 2020: 1 (thoracic crop in Pheidole)
TRACHEAL SYSTEM
Keister, 1963: 336 (Camponotus tracheal system anatomy); Délye, 1965: 285 (spiracle anatomy, function); Fedoseeva, 2017: 49 (metathoracic spiracles).
GLANDULAR SYSTEM
Janet, 1894c: 989 (general); Janet, 1894d: 45 (Formica pharyngeal glands); Janet, 1898b: 1168 (Myrmicinae); Janet, 1898d: 1 ({tMyrmica}); Whelden, 1963a: 13 (Eciton w., q. comparison, see also: Whelden, 1963b: 90); Hölldobler & Engel, 1979: 285 and Hölldobler & Engel-Siegel, 1982: 113 (tergal and sternal glands); Hölldobler & Engel-Siegel, 1985: 201 (metapleural gland); Billen, 1986b: 165 (Dufour's gland); Hölldobler & Wilson, 1990: 5, 229 (anatomy, exocrine glands); Billen, 1993: 4 (exocrine glands); Hölldobler et al., 1996: 157 (metatibial gland); Schönitzer et al., 1996: 107 (Messor rufitarsis antenna cleaner gland); Wenseleers et al., 1998: 121 (cloacal gland); Jensen & Borgesen, 2000: 171 (Monomorium fat body); Gusmão et al., 2001: 31 (Atta ultramorphology metapleural gland); Lommelen et al., 2003: 209 (Neoponera labial gland development); Billen, 2019: 165 (synopsis of exocrine glands); Billen et al., 2021: 1 (basitarsal sulcus gland); Wang et al., 2021: 1 (Strumigenys scape gland); Lieberman et al., 2022: 693 (metapleural gland anatomy); Wang et al., 2023: 1 (Strumigenys spongiform tissue)
NEUROANATOMY
Janet, 1899b: 295 (Myrmica cranial nerves, corpora allata); Pietschker, 1910: 1 (brain structure); Thompson, 1913: 515 (mushroom body comparative anatomy); Brun, 1952: 74 (Tetramorium schneideri neuroanatomy); Steiger, 1967: 511 (mushroom body, "corpus pedunculatum"); Goll, 1967: 143 (Formica neuroanatomy); Masson, 1969: 171 (Camponotus deutocerebrum); Bressac & Rabitsch, 1969: 135 (Aphaenogaster senilis cranial nervous system); Masson, 1972a: 31 (deutocerebrum); Masson, 1972b: 343 (Camponotus, see also Masson et al., 1972); Schoeters & Billen, 1999: 139 (terminal abdominal ganglia); Julian & Gronenberg, 2002: 152 (comparison worker, queens); Paul & Gronenberg, 2002: 255 (mandible closer muscle motor control); Seid et al., 2005: 269 (Pheidole age-related change mushroom bodies); Kühn-Bühlmann & Wehner, 2006: 511 (Cataglyphis mushroom body variation); Gronenberg, 2008: 25 (family-level neuroanatomy review); Wehner, 2009: 85 (navigational architecture); Kelber et al., 2009: 273 (Attini/Attina antennal lobe anatomy); Stieb et al., 2010: 408 (Cataglyphis mushroom body variation); Bressan et al., 2015: 1 (Cardiocondyla brain map); Ramirez-Esquivel et al., 2017: 552 (Temnothorax rugatulus setation, compound eye anatomy); Habenstein et al., 2020: 1 (Cataglyphis brain map)
SENSORY STRUCTURE AND NEUROANATOMY
Janet, 1894b: 814 (antennal nerves, chordotonal organ); Debaisieux, 1934: 139 (scolopidial organs)}; Jaisson, 1969: 279 (Myrmicinae antennal sensilla distribution); Jaisson, 1970: 1192 (Atta laevigata sensilla sexual dimorphism); Masson, 1970: 346 (receptor anatomy, function); Masson & Gabouriaut, 1973: 39 (Camponotus Johnston's organ); Masson & Friggi, 1971: 618 (Camponotus sensilla coeloconica); Dumpert, 1972b: 95 (Lasius fuliginosus antennal sensilla); Walther, 1979a: 30 (antennal sensilla, comparison to other Aculeata); Walther, 1979b: 313 (Formica rufa antennal sensilla); Walther, 1981: 146 (cuticular sense organs, phylogeny); Walther, 1983: 373 (antennal sensilla comparative morphology); Walther, 1985: 173 (antennal sensilla review); Hashimoto, 1990: 491 (antennal sensilla, comparison to other Aculeata); Hashimoto, 1991a: 125 (antennal and labial sensilla); Walther, 1994: 360 (Nothomyrmecia macrops antennal sensilla); Gronenberg & Hölldobler, 1999: 229 (optical and antennal neuroanatomy); Kleineidam et al., 2000: 43 (Atta sexdens sensillum ampullaceum ultrastructure, physiology); Renthal et al., 2003: 405 (Solenopsis invicta antennal sensilla distribution); Ozaki et al., 2005: 311 (Camponotus japonicus "sensilla basiconica" form, function); Marques-Silva et al., 2006: 885 (Dinoponera lucida antennal sensilla, secretory glands); Nakanishi et al., 2009: 79 (Camponotus japonicus sexual dimorphism antennal sensilla); Barsagade et al., 2010: 53 (Camponotus compressus: mouthpart sensilla); Mysore et al., 2010: 310 (Camponotus compressus antennal sensilla, glomeruli, anatomy, development); Siddiqui et al., 2010: 6956 (Brachyponera sennaarensis antennal sensilla ultrastructure); Barsagade et al., 2013: 113 (Camponotus compressus: antennal sensilla); Gill et al., 2013: 834 (antennal sensilla density-dependent function); Ramirez-Esquivel et al., 2014: 543 (Myrmecia pyriformis antennal sensilla); Barsagade et al., 2017: 99 (Leptogenys dentilobis: mouthpart sensilla); Gathalkar & Barsagade, 2018: 1 (Myrmicaria brunnea head, antennal sensilla); Barsagade et al., 2018: 848 (Tetraponera rufonigra leg sensilla); Barsagade et al., 2019: 1 (Leptogenys chinensis, antennal sensilla)
GAMETES
Blochmann, 1886: 143 (oogenesis); Blochmann, 1884: 243 (oogenesis); Lams, 1908: 528 (Camponotus herculeanus spermatogenesis); Buchner, 1918: 1 (oogenesis); Wheeler et al., 1990: 343 (sperm comparative ultrastructure); Moya et al., 2007: 181 (Pseudomyrmex sperm ultrastructure).
KARYOLOGY
Whelden & Haskins, 1954: 579 (family-level comparisons); Crozier, 1970a: 109 (karyology); Imai et al., 1984: 5 (karyology); Imai et al., 1984: 66 (karyology); Imai et al., 1985: 46 (karyology).
DEVELOPMENT (EMBRYO, LARVA, PRE-PUPA, PUPA)
Ganin, 1869: 1 (embryogenesis, Formica fusca focus); Dewitz, 1877: 527 (Formica rufa sting development); Blochmann, 1892: 236 (Camponotus embryogenesis); Berlese, 1902: 233 (Tapinoma erraticum, Pheidole pallidula larval anatomy); Pérez, 1902: 198 (Formica rufa postembryonic development); Janet, 1907: 1 (Lasius flight apodeme development); Tanquary, 1912: 62 (Camponotus, Myrmica embryogenesis); Hegner, 1915: 521 (Camponotus embryogenesis); BUNCHER 1918 (Camponotus embryogenesis); Wheeler, 1918c: 293 (larvae); Lilienstern, 1932 110 (bacteriocytes); Athias-Henriot, 1947: 247 (larval anatomy, multiple subfamilies); Valentini, 1951: 249 (larval anatomy, adaptation, multiple subfamilies); Weir, 1957: 499 (Myrmica larval mid-gut functional anatomy); Lappano, 1958: 31 (Eciton burchellii larval anatomy, development); Nitschmann, 1959: 453 (Myrmica larval digestive tract development); Weir, 1959: 27 ({t429776} larva head endocrine system); BUCHNER 1965 (Camponotus embryogenesis); Emmert, 1968: 1 (Formica head gland development); Emmert, 1969: 97 (Formica labial gland); Jeantet, 1969: 87 (Formica fat tissue development); Ofer, 1970: 49 (Polyrhachis larval silk gland); Bonavita-Cougourdan & Poveda, 1972: 775 (larval hindgut); Wheeler & Wheeler, 1976b: 45 (larvae); Wang & Happ, 1974: 73 (Neivamyrmex nigrescens larval development); Petralia & Vinson, 1979: 472 (Solenopsis invicta development egg, larva); Petralia & Vinson, 1980: 89 (Solenopsis invicta fourth instar internal anatomy); Petralia & Vinson, 1980: 375 (larval anatomy); Wheeler & Wheeler, 1986e: 684 (larvae); Petralia & Haut, 1986: 16 (Camponotus larval labial gland); Ortius-Lechner et al., 2003: 41 (larval gonads); Solis et al., 2012: 1 (Monomorium larval digestive tract anatomy); Penick et al., 2014: 51 (larval genital imaginal discs); Adams et al., 2021: 201 (Acromyrmex larval development, caste and sex identification)
Citations
- Adams, R. M. M.; Larsen, R. S.; Stylianidi, N.; Cheung, D.; Qiu, B.; Murray, S. K.; Zhang, G.; Boomsma, J. J. 2021. Hairs distinguish castes and sexes: identifying the early ontogenetic building blocks of a fungus-farming superorganism (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecological News 31:201-216. 10.25849/myrmecol.news_031:201 PDF
- Agosti, D.; Collingwood, C. A. 1987b. A provisional list of the Balkan ants (Hym. Formicidae) with a key to the worker caste. II. Key to the worker caste, including the European species without the Iberian. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 60:261-293. PDF
- Aibekova, L.; Boudinot, B. E.; Beutel, R. G.; Richter, A.; Keller, R. A.; Hita Garcia, F.; Economo, E. P. 2022. The skeletomuscular system of the mesosoma of Formica rufa workers (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Insect Systematics and Diversity 6 (2): 2:1-26. 10.1093/isd/ixac002 PDF
- Aktaç, N.; Radchenko, A. G. 2002. Türkiye karincalarinin (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) altfamilya ve cins tani anahtarlari. Türkiye Entomoloji Dergisi 26:51-61.
- Allred, D. M. 1982. Ants of Utah. Great Basin Naturalist 42:415-511.
- Andersen, A. N. 2000. The ants of northern Australia. A guide to the monsoonal fauna. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing, v + 106 pp.
- André, Edm. 1882. 1881-1886. Species des Hyménoptères d'Europe et d'Algérie. Tome Deuxième. Beaune: Edmond André, 919 + 48 pp. PDF
- André, Ern. 1882a. Les fourmis. [part]. Pp. 49-80 in: André, Edm. 1882. 1881-1886. Species des Hyménoptères d'Europe et d'Algérie. Tome Deuxième. Beaune: Edmond André, 919 + 48 pp. PDF
- Arakelian, G. R. 1994. Fauna of the Republic of Armenia. Hymenopterous insects. Ants (Formicidae). [In Russian.]. Erevan: Gitutium, 153 pp. PDF
- Arnol'di, K. V. 1933a. Formicidae - ants. [In Russian.]. Pp. 594-605 in: Filip'ev, I. N.; Ogloblin, D. A. (eds.) 1933. Keys to insects. [In Russian.]. Moskva: Ogiz, viii + 820 pp.
- Arnol'di, K. V.; Dlussky, G. M. 1978. Superfam. Formicoidea. 1. Fam. Formicidae - ants. [In Russian.]. Pp. 519-556 in: Medvedev, G. S. (ed.) 1978. Keys to the insects of the European part of the USSR. Vol. 3. Hymenoptera. Part 1. [In Russian.]. Opredeliteli Faune SSSR 119:3-584.
- Arnold, G. 1915. A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part I. Ponerinae, Dorylinae. Annals of the South African Museum 14:1-159.
- Arnold, G. 1916. A monograph of the Formicidae of South Africa. Part II. Ponerinae, Dorylinae. Annals of the South African Museum 14:159-270. PDF
- Ashmead, W. H. 1905c. A skeleton of a new arrangement of the families, subfamilies, tribes and genera of the ants, or the superfamily Formicoidea. Canadian Entomologist 37:381-384. PDF
- Astruc, C.; Julien, J. F.; Errard, C.; Lenoir, A. 2004. Phylogeny of ants (Formicidae) based on morphology and DNA sequence data. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 31:880-893. PDF
- Atanassov, N.; Dlussky, G. M. 1992. Fauna of Bulgaria. Hymenoptera, Formicidae. [In Bulgarian.]. Fauna na Bûlgariya 22:1-310.
- Athias-Henriot, C. 1947. Recherches sur les larves de quelques fourmis D'Algérie. Bulletin Biologique de la France et de la Belgique 81:247-272. PDF
- Baccaro, F. B.; Feitosa, R. M.; Fernández, F.; Fernandes, I. O.; Izzo, T. J.; de Souza, J. L. P.; Solar, R. 2015. Guia para os gêneros de formigas do Brasil. Manaus: Editora INPA, 388 pp. 10.5281/zenodo.32912 PDF
- Barden, P. 2017. Fossil ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): ancient diversity and the rise of modern lineages. Myrmecological News 24:1-30. PDF
- Barden, P.; Engel, M. S. 2019. Fossil Social Insects. Cham: Springer Nature, 1-21. [online early] 10.1007/978-3-319-90306-4_45-1 PDF
- Barden, P.; Grimaldi, D. A. 2016. Adaptive radiation in socially advanced stem-group ants from the Cretaceous. Current Biology 26:515-521. 10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.060 PDF
- Barden, P.; Perrichot, V.; Wang, B. 2020. Specialized predation drives aberrant morphological integration and diversity in the earliest ants. Current Biology 30:3818-3824. 10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.106 PDF
- Barlow, M. M.; Bicknell, R. D. C.; Andrew, N. R. 2019. Cuticular microstructure of Australian ant mandibles confirms common appendage construction. Acta Zoologica 2019:1-11. 10.1111/azo.12291 PDF
- Baroni Urbani, C. 1984 ("1983"). Clave para la determinación de los géneros de hormigas neotropicales. Graellsia 39:73-82. PDF
- Baroni Urbani, C. 1989. Phylogeny and behavioural evolution in ants, with a discussion of the role of behaviour in evolutionary processes. Ethology Ecology and Evolution 1:137-168. PDF
- Baroni Urbani, C.; Bolton, B.; Ward, P. S. 1992. The internal phylogeny of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Systematic Entomology 17:301-329. PDF
- Barsagade, D. D.; Nagarkar, D. A; Kirsan, J. R. 2019. Surface Ultrastructure of Antenna and Distribution of Sensilla in the Leptogenys chinensis (Mayr)(Fabricus) (Formicidae: Hymenoptera). Journal of Applied Biology & Biotechnology 7:1-6. 10.7324/JABB.2019.70201 PDF
- Barsagade, D. D.; Nagose, S. B.; Kirsan, J. R.; Thakare, M. P. 2018. SEM studies on the worker legs of arboreal bicoloured ant, Tetraponera rufonigra with reference to the sensilla present on it (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 6:848-852. PDF
- Barsagade, D. D.; Tembhare, D. B.; Kadu, S. G. 2010. SEM structure of mandibular sensilla in the carpenter ant Camponotus compressus (Fabricius) (Formicidae: Hymenoptera). Halteres 2:53-57. PDF
- Barsagade, D. D.; Tembhare, D. B.; Kadu, S. G. 2013. Microscopic structure of antennal sensilla in the carpenter ant Camponotus compressus (Fabricius) (Formicidae: Hymenoptera). Asian Myrmecology 5:113-120. 10.20362/am.005012 PDF
- Barsagade, D. D.; Thakre, M. P.; Kirsan, J. R.; Nagose, S. B.; Nagarkar, D. A; Bodele, A. M. 2017. Mouthparts sensilla of the worker ant Leptogenys dentilobis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Hislopia Journal 10:99-103. PDF
- Basibuyuk, H. H.; Quicke, D. L. J. 1994. Evolution of the antenna cleaner structure in the Hymenoptera (Insecta). Norwegian Journal of Agricultural Science, Supplement 16:199-206. PDF
- Basibuyuk, H. H.; Quicke, D. L. J. 1995. Morphology of the antenna cleaner in the Hymenoptera with particular reference to non-aculeate families (Insecta). Zoologica Scripta 24:157-177.
- Basibuyuk, H. H.; Quicke, D. L. J. 1997. Hamuli in the Hymenoptera (Insecta) and their phylogenetic implications. Journal of Natural History 31:1563-1585.
- Basibuyuk, H. H.; Quicke, D. L. J.; Rasnitsyn, A. P.; Fitton, M. G. 2000. Morphology and sensilla of the orbicula, a sclerite between the tarsal claws, in the HYmenoptera. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 93:625-636. 10.1603/0013-8746(2000)093[0625:MASOTO]2.0.CO;2 PDF
- Basibuyuk, H. H.; Quickle, D. L. J. 1999. Grooming behaviours in the Hymenoptera (Insecta): potential phylogenetic significance. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 125:349-382. 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1999.tb00597.x PDF
- Berlese, A. 1902. Osservazioni su fenomeni che avvegono durante la ninfosi degli insetti metabolici. Rivista di Patologia Vegetale 9:177-344.
- Bernard, F. 1951c. Hyménoptères, super-famille des Formicoidea Ashmead 1905. Pp. 997-1104 in: Grassé, P. P. (ed.) 1951. Traité de Zoologie. Tome X. Fasc. II. Paris: Masson et Cie, pp. 976-1948.
- Bernard, F. 1967a ("1968"). Faune de l'Europe et du Bassin Méditerranéen. 3. Les fourmis (Hymenoptera Formicidae) d'Europe occidentale et septentrionale. Paris: Masson, 411 pp. PDF
- Bernstein, S.; Finn, C. 1971. Ant compound eye: size-related ommatidium differences within a single wood ant nest. Experientia (Basel) 27:708-710. PDF
- Beutel, R. G.; Richter, A.; Keller, R. A.; Hita Garcia, F.; Matsumura, Y.; Economo, E. P.; Gorb, S. N. 2020. Distal leg structures of the Aculeata (Hymenoptera): A comparative evolutionary study of Sceliphron (Sphecidae) and Formica (Formicidae). Journal of Morphology 2020:1-17. [online early] 10.1002/jmor.21133 PDF
- Beyer, O. W. 1890. Der Giftapparat von Formica rufa, ein reducirtes Organ. Jena: G. Fischer, 50 pp. PDF
- Billen, J. P. J. 1986b. Comparative morphology and ultrastructure of the Dufour gland in ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Entomologia Generalis 11:165-181.
- Billen, J. P. J. 1993. Morphology of the exocrine system in ants. Materialy Kollokviumov Sektsii Obshchestvennykh Nasekomykh Vsesoyuznogo Entomologicheskogo Obshchestva 2:1-15.
- Billen, J. P. J. 2019. Diversidad y morfología de las glándulas exocrinas en las hormigas. Pp. 165-174 in: Fernández, F.; Guerrero, R. J.; Delsinne, T. (eds.) 2019d. Hormigas de Colombia. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 1198 pp. PDF
- Billen, J. P. J.; Al-Khalifa, M. S.; Rilva, R. R. 2017. Pretarsus structure in relation to climbing ability in the ants Brachyponera sennaarensis and Daceton armigerum. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 24:830-836. 10.1016/j.sjbs.2016.06.007 PDF
- Billen, J.; Khalife, A.; Ito, F.; Anh, N.D.; Esteves, F. A. 2021. The basitarsal sulcus gland, a novel exocrine structure in ants. Arthropod Structure & Development 61: Article 101041:1-10. 10.1016/j.asd.2021.101041 PDF
- Bingham, C. T. 1903. The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Hymenoptera, Vol. II. Ants and Cuckoo-wasps. London: Taylor and Francis, 506 pp. PDF
- Blanchard, B.D.; Moreau, C.S. 2017. Defensive traits exhibit an evolutionary trade-off and drive diversification in ants. Evolution 71:315-328. 10.1111/evo.13117 PDF
- Blochmann, F. 1884. Ueber eine Metamorphose der Kerne in den Ovarioleiern und über den Beginn der Blastodermbildung bei den Ameisen. Verhandlungen des Naturhistorisch-medizinischen Vereins zu Heidelberg 3(3):243-247. PDF
- Blochmann, F. 1886. Ueber die Reifung der Eier bei Ameisen und Wespen. Heidelberg: Carl Winter's Universitätsbuchhandlung, P. 32. 1 plate. 8vo. PDF
- Blochmann, F. 1892. Über das Vorkommen von bakterienähnlichen Gebilden in den Geweben und Eiern verschiedener Insekten. Centralblatt für Bakteriologie und Parasitenkunde 11(8):234-240. PDF
- Boer, P. 2010. Mieren van de Benelux. ′s-Graveland, Netherlands: Stichting Jeugdbondsuitgeverij, 183 pp.
- Bolton, B. 1973a. The ant genera of West Africa: a synonymic synopsis with keys (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). Entomology 27:317-368. PDF
- Bolton, B. 1990a. Abdominal characters and status of the cerapachyine ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Journal of Natural History 24:53-68. PDF
- Bolton, B. 1990c. Army ants reassessed: the phylogeny and classification of the doryline section (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Journal of Natural History 24:1339-1364. PDF
- Bolton, B. 1994. Identification guide to the ant genera of the world. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 222 pp.
- Bolton, B. 1995a. A taxonomic and zoogeographical census of the extant ant taxa (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of Natural History 29:1037-1056. PDF
- Bolton, B. 1995b. A new general catalogue of the ants of the world. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 504 pp.
- Bolton, B. 2003. Synopsis and classification of Formicidae. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 71:1-370. PDF
- Bolton, B. 2007a. How to conduct large-scale taxonomic revisions in Formicidae. Pp. 52-71 in: Snelling, R. R.; Fisher, B. L.; Ward, P. S. (eds.) 2007. Advances in ant systematics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): homage to E.O. Wilson – 50 years of contributions. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 80:690 pp. PDF
- Bolton, B.; Collingwood, C. A. 1975. Handbooks for the identification of British Insects. Hymenoptera, Formicidae. Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects 6(3(c)):1-34.
- Bonavita-Cougourdan, A.; Poveda, A. 1972. Étude préliminaire d'un organe mettant en rapport intestin moyen et intestin postérieur chez les larves de fourmis (Hyménoptères Formicidae). Comptes Rendus (Hebdomadaires) des Séances de l'Academie des Sciences. Série D. Sciences Naturelles 275:775-778.
- Bondroit, J. 1910 ("1909"). Les fourmis de Belgique. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 53:479-500. PDF
- Bondroit, J. 1918. Les fourmis de France et de Belgique. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 87:1-174. PDF
- Böröczky, K.; Wada-Katsumata, A.; Batchelor, D.; Zhukovskaya, M.; Schal, C. 2013. Insects groom their antennae to enhance olfactory acuity. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 110:3615-3620. 10.1073/pnas.1212466110 PDF
- Borowiec, L. 2014. Catalogue of ants of Europe, the Mediterranean Basin and adjacent regions (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Genus (Wroclaw) 25 (1-2):1-340. PDF
- Borowiec, L.; Salata, S. 2022. A monographic review of ants of Greece (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Vol. 1. Introduction and review of all subfamilies except the subfamily Myrmicinae. Part 1: text. Bytom: Natural History Monographs of the Upper Silesian Museum, 1-297. PDF
- Borowiec, M. L.; Rabeling, C.; Brady, S. G.; Fisher, B. L.; Schultz, T. R.; Ward, P. S. 2019. Compositional heterogeneity and outgroup choice influence the internal phylogeny of the ants. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 134:111-121. 10.1016/j.ympev.2019.01.024 PDF
- Borysenko, L. H. 2017. Description of a new genus of primitive ants from Canadian amber, with the study of relationships between stem- and crown-group ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Insecta Mundi 570:1-57. PDF
- Boudinot, B. E. 2013. The male genitalia of ants: musculature, homology, and functional morphology (Hymenoptera, Aculeata, Formicidae). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 30:29-49. PDF
- Boudinot, B. E. 2015. Contributions to the knowledge of Formicidae (Hymenoptera, Aculeata): a new diagnosis of the family, the first global male-based key to subfamilies, and a treatment of early branching lineages. European Journal of Taxonomy 120:1-62. PDF
- Boudinot, B. E. 2019. Clave para las subfamílias y géneros basada en machos. Capítulo 15. Pp. 487-499 in: Fernández, F.; Guerrero, R. J.; Delsinne, T. (eds.) 2019d. Hormigas de Colombia. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 1198 pp. PDF
- Boudinot, B. E.; Moosdorf, O. T. D.; Beutel, R. G.; Richter, A. 2021. Anatomy and evolution of the head of Dorylus helvolus (Formicidae: Dorylinae): Patterns of sex- and caste-limited traits in the sausagefly and the driver ant. Journal of Morphology 282:1616-1658. 10.1002/jmor.21410 PDF
- Boudinot, B. E.; Perrichot, V.; Chaul, J. C. M. 2020. †Camelosphecia gen. nov., lost ant-wasp intermediates from the mid-Cretaceous (Hymenoptera, Formicoidea). ZooKeys 1005:21-55. 10.3897/zookeys.1005.57629 PDF
- Boudinot, B. E.; Richter, A. K.; Hammel, J. U.; Szwedo, J.; Bojarski, B.; Perrichot, V. 2022. Genomic-phenomic reciprocal illumination: Desyopone hereon gen. et sp. nov., an exceptional aneuretine-like fossil ant from Ethiopian amber (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Insects 13, 796:19 pp. 10.3390/insects13090796 PDF
- Boven, J. K. A. 1959. Vliesvleugelige insekten - Hymenoptera VI. Angeldragers (Aculeata). Mieren (Formicidae). Wetenschappelijke Mededelingen. Koninklijke Nederlandse Natuurhistorische Vereniging 30:1-32.
- Boven, J. K. A. 1970b. Le polymorphisme des ouvrières de Megaponera foetens Mayr (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Publicatiës van het Natuurhistorisch Genootschap in Limburg 20(3/4):5-9.
- Brady, S. G.; Schultz, T. R.; Fisher, B. L.; Ward, P. S. 2006. Evaluating alternative hypotheses for the early evolution and diversification of ants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 103:18172-18177. PDF
- Brandão, C. R. F. 1991. Adendos ao catálogo abreviado das formigas da região Neotropical (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 35:319-412. PDF
- Brandão, C. R. F. 2000. Major regional and type collections of ants (Formicidae) of the world and sources for the identification of ant species. Pp. 172-185 in: Agosti, D.; Majer, J. D.; Alonso, L. E.; Schultz, T. R. (eds.) 2000. Ants. Standard methods for measuring and monitoring biodiversity. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, xix + 280 pp. PDF
- Brandão, C. R. F.; Martins-Neto, R. G.; Vulcano, M. A. 1990. The earliest known fossil ant (first southern hemisphere Mesozoic record) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmeciinae). Psyche (Cambridge) 96:195-208. PDF
- Branstetter, M. G.; Danforth, B. N.; Pitts, J. P.; Faircloth, B. C.; Ward, P. S.; Buffington, M. L.; Gates, M. W.; Kula, R. R.; Brady, S. G. 2017. Phylogenomic insights into the evolution of stinging wasps and the origins of ants and bees. Current Biology 27:1019-1025. 10.1016/j.cub.2017.03.027 PDF
- Branstetter, M. G.; Longino, J. T.; Ward, P. S.; Faircloth, B. C. 2017. Enriching the ant tree of life: enhanced UCE bait set for genome-scale phylogenetics of ants and other Hymenoptera. Methods in Ecology and Evolution 8:768-776. 10.1111/2041-210X.12742 PDF
- Bressac, C.; Rabitsch, W. 1969. Observations sur la structure du système nerveux céphalique (cerveau, masse sous-œsophagienne et complexe rétro-cérébral) de la fourmi Aphænogaster senilis (Mayr, 1853) (Hymenoptera Myrmicinae). Insectes Sociaux 16:135-148.
- Bressan, J. M. A.; Benz, M.; Oettler, J.; Heinze, J.; Hartenstein, V.; Sprecher, S. G. 2015. A map of brain neuropils and fiber systems in the ant Cardiocondyla obscurior. Frontiers in Neuroanatomy 8:1-13. 10.3389/fnana.2014.00166 PDF
- Brian, M. V. 1977. Ants. London: Collins, 223 pp.
- Brothers, D. J. 1999. Phylogeny and evolution of wasps, ants and bees (Hymenoptera, Chrysidoidea, Vespoidea and Apoidea). Zoologica Scripta 28:233-249.
- Brothers, D. J.; Carpenter, J. M. 1993. Phylogeny of Aculeata: Chrysidoidea and Vespoidea (Hymenoptera). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 2:227-304. PDF
- Brothers, D. J.; Finnamore, A. T. 1993. Superfamily Vespoidea. Pp. 161-278 in: Goulet, H.; Huber, J. T. (eds.) 1993. Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. Research Branch, Agriculture Canada Publication 1894/E. Ottawa: Canada Communications Group, vii + 668 pp.
- Brown, W. L., Jr. 1954e. Remarks on the internal phylogeny and subfamily classification of the family Formicidae. Insectes Sociaux 1:21-31. PDF
- Brown, W. L., Jr. 1958h. A review of the ants of New Zealand. Acta Hymenopterologica 1:1-50. PDF
- Brown, W. L., Jr. 1973b. A comparison of the Hylean and Congo-West African rain forest ant faunas. Pp. 161-185 in: Meggers, B. J.; Ayensu, E. S.; Duckworth, W. D. (eds.) 1973. Tropical forest ecosystems in Africa and South America: a comparative review. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, viii + 350 pp. PDF
- Brown, W. L., Jr. 1988h. Data on Malpighian tubule numbers in ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pp. 17-27 in: Trager, J. C. (ed.) 1988. Advances in myrmecology. Leiden: E. J. Brill, xxvii + 551 pp.
- Brown, W. L., Jr. 2000a. Diversity of ants. Pp. 45-79 in: Agosti, D.; Majer, J. D.; Alonso, L. E.; Schultz, T. R. (eds.) 2000. Ants. Standard methods for measuring and monitoring biodiversity. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, xix + 280 pp. PDF
- Brown, W. L., Jr.; Nutting, W. L. 1950. Wing venation and the phylogeny of the Formicidae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 75:113-132. PDF
- Brown, W. L., Jr.; Taylor, R. W. 1970. Superfamily Formicoidea. Pp. 951-959 in: CSIRO (ed.) 1970. The insects of Australia. Carlton, Victoria: Melbourne University Press, xiii + 1029 pp.
- Brun, R. 1952. Das Zentralnervensystem von Teleutomyrmex Schneideri Kutt. (Hym. Formicid.). III. Mitteilung. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 25:73-86. http://doi.org/10.5169/seals-401148 PDF
- Buchner, P. 1918. Vergleichende Eistudien I. Die aksessorischen Kerne des Hymenoptereneiers. Archiv. fur Mikros. Anat. 91:1-202.
- Bugnion, E. 1926. Les pièces buccales, le sac infrabuccal et le pharynx des fourmis. [part]. Folia Myrmecologica et Termitologica 1:33-44.
- Bugnion, E. 1927a. Les pièces buccales, le sac infrabuccal et le pharynx des fourmis. [part]. Folia Myrmecologica et Termitologica 1:59-71.
- Bugnion, E. 1927c. Les pièces buccales, le sac infrabuccal et le pharynx des fourmis. [concl.]. Folia Myrmecologica et Termitologica 1:105-134.
- Bugnion, E. 1929. Les organes bucco-pharyngés de la fourmi coupe-feuilles du Brésil, Atta sexdens Lin. Zoologischer Anzeiger 82:55-78.
- Bugnion, E. 1930. Les pièces buccales, le sac infrabuccal et le pharynx des fourmis. Bulletin. Société Entomologique d'Egypte 14:85-210. PDF
- Buren, W. F. 1944a. A list of Iowa ants. Iowa State College Journal of Science 18:277-312. PDF
- Burnham, L. 1979 ("1978"). Survey of social insects in the fossil record. Psyche (Cambridge) 85:85-133. PDF
- Caetano, F. H. 1988. Anatomia, histologia e histoquímica do sistema digestivo e excretor de operárias de formigas (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Naturalia (São Paulo) 13:129-174.
- Cantone, S. 2017. Winged ants – The male. Dichotomous key to genera of winged male ants in the world. Behavioral ecology of mating flight. São Paulo: Autopubblicato, 318 pp. PDF
- Cantone, S. M. 2019. As asas das formigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): estudo comparativo e chaves de identificação das castas aladas (tese doutorado). São Paulo: Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Pp. 615. PDF
- Cantone, S.; Von Zuben, C. J. 2019. The hindwings of ants: A phylogenetic analysis. Psyche Article ID 7929717:1-11. 10.1155/2019/7929717 PDF
- Carpenter, F. M. 1992. Treatise on invertebrate paleontology. Part R. Arthropoda 4. Volume 4. Superclass Hexapoda. Boulder: Geological Society of America, pp. i-ii, 279-655.
- Casadei-Ferreira, A.; Fischer, G.; Economo, E. P. 2020. Evidence for a thoracic crop in the workers of some Neotropical Pheidole species (Formicidae: Myrmicinae). Arthropod Structure and Development 59:1-7. [online early] 10.1016/j.asd.2020.100977 PDF
- Casevitz-Weulersse, J. 1990b. Étude systématique de la myrmécofaune corse (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) (Première partie). Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Section A. Zoologie, Biologie et Écologie Animales (4)12:135-163.
- Casevitz-Weulersse, J. 1990c. Étude systématique de la myrmécofaune corse (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) (Deuxième partie). Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. Section A. Zoologie, Biologie et Écologie Animales (4)12:415-442. PDF
- Castaño-Meneses, G.; Vásquez-Bolaños, M.; Navarrete-Heredia, J. L.; Quiroz-Rocha, G. A.; Alcalá-Martínez, I. 2015. Avances de Formicidae de México. Guadalajara, Jalisco, México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 211 pp. PDF
- Ceballos, G. 1943. Las tribus de los himenópteros de España. [part]. Madrid: Instituto Español de Entomología, pp. 289-420.
- Chapman, J. W.; Capco, S. R. 1951. Check list of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Asia. Monographs of the Institute of Science and Technology. Manila 1:1-327. PDF
- Clark, J. 1951. The Formicidae of Australia. Vol. 1. Subfamily Myrmeciinae. Melbourne: CSIRO, 230 pp. PDF
- Clouse, R. M. 2007b. The ants of Micronesia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Micronesica 39:171-295. PDF
- Cole, A. C., Jr. 1942. The ants of Utah. American Midland Naturalist 28:358-388. PDF
- Collingwood, C. A. 1958b. A key to the species of ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) found in Britain. Transactions of the Society for British Entomology 13:69-96. PDF
- Collingwood, C. A. 1964b. The identification and distribution of British ants. 1. A revised key to the species found in Britain. Transactions of the Society for British Entomology 16:93-114, 121. PDF
- Collingwood, C. A. 1978. A provisional list of Iberian Formicidae with a key to the worker caste (Hym. Aculeata). EOS. Revista Española de Entomología 52:65-95. PDF
- Collingwood, C. A. 1979. The Formicidae (Hymenoptera) of Fennoscandia and Denmark. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica 8:1-174. PDF
- Collingwood, C. A. 1985. Hymenoptera: Fam. Formicidae of Saudi Arabia. Fauna of Saudi Arabia 7:230-302. PDF
- Collingwood, C. A.; Agosti, D. 1996. Formicidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) of Saudi Arabia (part 2). Fauna of Saudi Arabia 15:300-385. PDF
- Collingwood, C. A.; Van Harten, A. 1994. A general guide to the ants of Yemen. Sana'a: Yemeni-German Plant Protection Project, 39 pp.
- Collingwood, C.; Prince, A. 1998. A guide to ants of continental Portugal (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Boletim da Sociedade Portuguesa de Entomologia. Suplemento 5:1-49.
- Coovert, G. A. 2005. The ants of Ohio. Bulletin of the Ohio Biological Survey (New Series) 15 (2):1-196. PDF
- Creighton, W. S. 1950a. The ants of North America. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 104:1-585. PDF
- Cresson, E. T. Sr. 1887. Synopsis of the families and genera of the Hymenoptera of America, north of Mexico, together with a catalogue of the described species, and bibliography. Transactions of the American Entomological Society, Suppl. Vol. 1887:1-351. PDF
- Crozier, R. H. 1970a. Karyotypes of twenty-one ant species (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with reviews of the known ant karyotypes. Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 12:109-128. PDF
- Crozier, R. H.; Jermiin, L. S.; Chiotis, M. 1997. Molecular evidence for a Jurassic origin of ants. Naturwissenschaften 84:22-23. PDF
- Csősz, S.; Markó, B.; Gallé, L. 2011. The myrmecofauna (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Hungary: an updated checklist. North-Western Journal of Zoology 7 (1):55-62. PDF
- Czechowski, W.; Radchenko, A.; Czechowska, W. 2002. The ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of Poland. Warsaw: Museum and Institute of Zoology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 200 pp. PDF
- Czechowski, W.; Radchenko, A.; Czechowska, W.; Vepsäläinen, K. 2012. The ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Poland with reference to the myrmecofauna of Europe. (Fauna Poloniae n.s. 4). Warsaw: Natura Optima Dux Foundation, 496 pp.
- Dalla Torre, K. W. 1893. Catalogus Hymenopterorum hucusque descriptorum systematicus et synonymicus. Vol. 7. Formicidae (Heterogyna). Leipzig: W. Engelmann, 289 pp. PDF
- Daly, H. V. 1955. A comparative survey of the sting of aculeate Hymenoptera. Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas, i-ii + 1-60 pp. + 7 pls. PDF
- Dashman, T. 1953. Terminology of the pretarsus. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 46:56-62. PDF
- De Albuquerque, E. Z.; do Prado, L. P.; Andradesilva, J.; De Siqueira, E. L. S.; Sampaio, K. L. D.; Alves, D. L.; Brandão, C. R. F.; Andrade, P. L.; Feitosa, R. M.; Koch, E. B. D.; Delabie, J. H. C.; Fernandes, I.; Baccaro, F. B.; Souza, J. L. P.; Almeida, R. P. S.; Silva, R. R. 2021. Ants of the State of Pará, Brazil: a historical and comprehensive dataset of a key biodiversity hotspot in the Amazon Basin. Zootaxa 5001 (1):1-83. 10.11646/zootaxa.5001.1.1 PDF
- Debaisieux, P. 1934. Les organes scolopidiaux des insectes; l'organe subgénual des fourmis. Annales de la Société Scientifique de Bruxelles. Série B. Sciences Physiques et Naturelles 54:338-345.
- Delsinne, T.; Serna, F. J.; Leponce, M.; Boudinot, B. E. 2019. Glossario de morfología. Capítulo 13. Pp. 387-457 in: Fernández, F.; Guerrero, R. J.; Delsinne, T. (eds.) 2019d. Hormigas de Colombia. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 1198 pp. PDF
- Délye, G. 1965. Anatomie et fonctionnement des stigmates de quelques Fourmis (Hyménoptères Formicidæ). Insectes Sociaux 12:285-290.
- Dewitz, H. 1877. Ueber Bau und Entwickelung des Stachels der Ameisen. Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Zoologie 28:527-556.
- Dlussky, G. M. 1997a. Genera of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Baltic amber. [In Russian.]. Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal 1997(6):50-62. PDF
- Dlussky, G. M.; Fedoseeva, E. B. 1988. Origin and early stages of evolution in ants. [In Russian.]. Pp. 70-144 in: Ponomarenko, A. G. (ed.) 1988. Cretaceous biocenotic crisis and insect evolution. [In Russian.]. Moskva: Nauka, 232 pp.
- Dlussky, G. M.; Rasnitsyn, A. P. 2003 ("2002"). Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Formation Green River and some other Middle Eocene deposits of North America. Russian Entomological Journal 11:411-436. PDF
- Dlussky, G. M.; Rasnitsyn, A. P. 2007. Paleontological record and stages of ant evolution. [In Russian.]. Uspekhi Sovremennoi Biologii 127:118-134. PDF
- Dlussky, G. M.; Rasnitsyn, A. P. 2009. Ants (Insecta: Vespida: Formicidae) in the Upper Eocene amber of central and eastern Europe. Paleontological Journal 43:1024-1042. PDF
- Dlussky, G. M.; Rasnitsyn, A. P.; Perfilieva, K. S. 2015. The ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Bol’shaya Svetlovodnaya (Late Eocene of Sikhote-Alin, Russian Far East). Caucasian Entomological Bulletin 11 (1):131-152. PDF
- Dlussky, G. M.; Soyunov, O. S.; Zabelin, S. I. 1990. Ants of Turkmenistan. [In Russian.]. Ashkabad: Ylym Press, 273 pp. PDF
- Don, W. 2007. Ants of New Zealand. Dunedin, New Zealand: Otago University Press, 239 pp.
- Dong, M. 2017. The Ants of Korea [in Korean]. Seoul: Nature & Ecology, 352 pp.
- Donisthorpe, H. 1915f. British ants, their life-history and classification. Plymouth: Brendon & Son Ltd., xv + 379 pp. PDF
- Donisthorpe, H. 1922b ("1921"). The subfamilies of Formicidae. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1921:xl-xlvi. PDF
- Donisthorpe, H. 1927c. British ants, their life history and classification (2nd edn.). London: G. Routledge and Sons, xvi + 436 pp.
- Douwes, P. 1995. Sveriges myror. Entomologisk Tidskrift 116:83-99.
- Douwes, P.; Abenius, J.; Cederberg, B.; Wahlstedt, U. 2012. Nationalnyckeln till Sveriges flora och fauna. Steklar: Myror-getingar. Hymenoptera: Formicidae-Vespidae. Uppsala: ArtDatabanken, 382 pp.
- Dumpert, K. 1972b. Bau und Verteilung der Sensillen auf der Antennengeissel von Lasius fuliginosus (Latr.) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Zeitschrift für Morphologie der Tiere 73:95-116. PDF
- Economo, E. P.; Narula, N.; Friedman, N. R.; Weiser, M. D.; Guénard, B. 2018. Macroecology and macroevolution of the latitudinal diversity gradient in ants. Nature Communications 9:1778. 10.1038/s41467-018-04218-4 PDF
- Eguchi, K.; Bui, T. V.; Yamane, S. 2011. Generic synopsis of the Formicidae of Vietnam (Insecta: Hymenoptera), Part I — Myrmicinae and Pseudomyrmecinae. Zootaxa 2878:1-61. PDF
- Ehmer, B.; Gronenberg, W. 1997. Antennal muscles and fast antennal movements in ants. Journal of Comparative Physiology. B. Biochemical, Systems, and Environmental Physiology 167:287-296. PDF
- Eisner, T. 1957. A comparative morphological study of the proventriculus of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology 116:439-490. PDF
- Emery, C. 1895l. Die Gattung Dorylus Fab. und die systematische Eintheilung der Formiciden. Zoologische Jahrbücher. Abteilung für Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Tiere 8:685-778. PDF
- Emery, C. 1896e. Clef analytique des genres de la famille des Formicides, pour la détermination des neutres. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 40:172-189. PDF
- Emery, C. 1900a. Intorno al torace delle formiche e particolarmente dei neutri. Bullettino della Società Entomologica Italiana 32:103-119. PDF
- Emery, C. 1908a. Beiträge zur Monographie der Formiciden des paläarktischen Faunengebietes. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 1908:165-205. PDF
- Emery, C. 1910b. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Dorylinae. Genera Insectorum 102:1-34. PDF
- Emery, C. 1911e. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Ponerinae. Genera Insectorum 118:1-125. PDF
- Emery, C. 1913a ("1912"). Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Dolichoderinae. Genera Insectorum 137:1-50. PDF
- Emery, C. 1913d. La nervulation de l'aile antérieure des Formicides. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 21:577-587. PDF
- Emery, C. 1916a ("1915"). Fauna entomologica italiana. I. Hymenoptera.-Formicidae. Bullettino della Società Entomologica Italiana 47:79-275. PDF
- Emery, C. 1920e. La distribuzione geografica attuale delle formiche. Tentativo di spiegarne la genesi col soccorso di ipotesi filogenetiche e paleogeografiche. Atti della Reale Accademia dei Lincei. Memorie. Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali (5)13:357-450.
- Emery, C. 1921c. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Myrmicinae. [part]. Genera Insectorum 174A:1-94 + 7 plates. PDF
- Emery, C. 1922c. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Myrmicinae. [part]. Genera Insectorum 174B:95-206. PDF
- Emery, C. 1924f ("1922"). Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Myrmicinae. [concl.]. Genera Insectorum 174C:207-397. PDF
- Emery, C. 1925d. Hymenoptera. Fam. Formicidae. Subfam. Formicinae. Genera Insectorum 183:1-302. PDF
- Emmert, W. 1968. Die Postembryonalentwicklung sekretorischer Kopfdrüsen von Formica pratensis Retz. und Apis mellifica L. (Ins. Hym.). Zeitschrift für Morphologie der Tiere 63:1-62. PDF
- Emmert, W. 1969. Entwicklungslleistungen fragmentierter Labialdrüsen-Imaginalanlangen von Formica pratensis Retz. (Hymenoptera). Wilhelm Roux' Archiv 162:97-113. PDF
- Endlein, T.; Federle, W. 2015. On heels and toes: how ants climb with adhesive pads and tarsal friction hair arrays. PLoS ONE 10:e0141269. 10.1371/journal.pone.0141269 PDF
- Engel, M. S.; Grimaldi, D. A. 2005. Primitive new ants in Cretaceous amber from Myanmar, New Jersey, and Canada (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). American Museum Novitates 3485:1-23. PDF
- Escherich, K. 1917. Die Ameise, Schilderung ihrer Lebensweise. Zweite verbesserte und vermehrte Auflage. Braunschweig: Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, xvi + 348 pp.
- Federle, W.; Baumartner, W.; Hölldobler, B. 2004. Biomechanics of ant adhesive pads: frictional forces are rate- and temperature-dependent. Journal of Experimental Biology 206:67-74. 10.1242/jeb.00716 PDF
- Federle, W.; Brainerd, E. L.; McMahon, T. A.; Hölldobler, B. 2001. Biomechanics of movable pretarsal adhesive organ in ants and bees. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98:6215-6220. 10.1073/pnas.111139298 PDF
- Federle, W.; Endlein, T. 2004. Locomotion and adhesion: dynamic control of adhesive surface contact in ants. Arthropod Structure and Development 33:67-75. 10.1016/j.asd.2003.11.001 PDF
- Federle, W.; Riehle, M.; Curtis, A. S. G.; Full, R. J. 2002. An integrative study of insect adhesion: mechanics and wet adhesion of pretarsal pads in ants. Integrative and Comparative Biology 42:1100-1106. PDF
- Federle, W.; Rohrseitz, K.; Hölldobler, B. 2000. Attachment forces of ants measured with a centrifuge: better 'wax-runners' have a poorer attachment to a smooth surface. Journal of Experimental Biology 203:505-512. PDF
- Fedoseeva, E. B. 2017. The metathoracic spiracles in some ants and wasps (Hymenoptera: Formicidae; Vespidae). Russian Entomological Journal 26 (1):49-62. PDF
- Fedoseeva, E. B.; Grevtsova, N. A. 2020. Flight muscles degeneration, oogenesis and fat body in Lasius niger and Formica rufa queens (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Russian Entomological Journal 29 (4):410-420. 10.15298/rusentj.29.4.08 PDF
- Fenger, H. 1863. Anatomie und Physiologie des Giftapparates bei den Hymenopteren. Archiv für Naturgeschichte 29(1):137-178.
- Fernández, F.; Guerrero, R. J.; Delsinne, T. 2019c. Claves para las subfamilias y géneros. Capítulo 14. Pp. 459-499 in: Fernández, F.; Guerrero, R. J.; Delsinne, T. (eds.) 2019d. Hormigas de Colombia. Bogotá: Universidad Nacional de Colombia, 1198 pp. PDF
- Fernández, F.; Guerrero, R. J.; Sánchez-Restrepo, A. F. 2021. Systematics and diversity of Neotropical ants. Revista Colombiana de Entomología 47 (1):20 pp. e11082. 10.25100/socolen.v47il.11082 PDF
- Fernández, F.; Ospina, M. 2003. Sinopsis de las hormigas de la región Neotropical. Pp. 49-64 in: Fernández, F. (ed.) 2003. Introducción a las hormigas de la región Neotropical. Bogotá: Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, xxvi + 424 pp.
- Fernández, F.; Palacio, E. E.; MacKay, W. P.; MacKay, E. S. 1996. Introducción al estudio de las hormigas (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) de Colombia. Pp. 349-412 in: Andrade, M. G.; Amat García, G.; Fernández, F. (eds.) 1996. Insectos de Colombia. Estudios escogidos. Bogotá: Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, 541 pp.
- Fisher, B. L.; Bolton, B. 2016. Ants of the world. Ants of Africa and Madagascar. A guide to the genera. Berkeley: University of California Press, ix + 503 pp.
- Fisher, B. L.; Cover, S. P. 2007. Ants of North America. A guide to genera. Berkeley: University of California Press, xiv + 194 pp.
- Foerster, A. 1850a. Hymenopterologische Studien. 1. Formicariae. Aachen: Ernst Ter Meer, 74 pp.
- Fontenla Rizo, J. L. 1995b. Reflexiones sobre las hormigas "vagabundas" de Cuba. Cocuyo (Havana) 3:11-22.
- Forel, A. 1870. Notices myrmécologiques. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 3:306-312. PDF
- Forel, A. 1874. Les fourmis de la Suisse. Systématique, notices anatomiques et physiologiques, architecture, distribution géographique, nouvelles expériences et observations de moeurs. Neue Denkschriften der Allgemeinen Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für die Gesammten Naturwissenschaften 26:1-452. PDF
- Forel, A. 1878a. Der Giftapparat und die Analdrüsen der Ameisen. Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Zoologie 30(suppl.):28-68. PDF
- Forel, A. 1878c. Études myrmécologiques en 1878 (première partie) avec l'anatomie du gésier des fourmis. Bulletin de la Société Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles 15:337-392. PDF
- Forel, A. 1891c. Les Formicides. [part]. In: Grandidier, A. 1891. Histoire physique, naturelle, et politique de Madagascar. Volume XX. Histoire naturelle des Hyménoptères. Deuxième partie (28e fascicule). Paris: Hachette et Cie, v + 237 pp. PDF
- Forel, A. 1892k. Les Formicides de l'Empire des Indes et de Ceylan. Part I. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 7:219-245. PDF
- Forel, A. 1893b. Sur la classification de la famille des Formicides, avec remarques synonymiques. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 37:161-167. PDF
- Forel, A. 1899b. Formicidae. [part]. Biologia Centrali-Americana Hym. 3:1-24. PDF
- Forel, A. 1905d. A revision of the species of the Formicidae (ants) of New Zealand. Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 37:353-355. PDF
- Forel, A. 1915d. Fauna insectorum helvetiae. Hymenoptera. Formicidae. Die Ameisen der Schweiz. Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft 12(Beilage):1-77.
- Forel, A. 1917. Cadre synoptique actuel de la faune universelle des fourmis. Bulletin de la Société Vaudoise des Sciences Naturelles 51:229-253. PDF
- Framenau, V. W.; Thomas, M. L. 2008. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of Christmas Island (Indian Ocean): identification and distribution. Records of the Western Australian Museum 25:45-85. PDF
- Francoeur, A. 1979a. Les fourmis du Québec. 1. Introduction. 2. La famille des Formicidae. 3. La sous-famille des Ponerinae. Annales de la Société Entomologique du Québec 24:12-47. PDF
- Francoeur, A.; Loiselle, R. 1988a. Évolution du strigile chez les Formicides (Hyménoptères). Naturaliste Canadien (Québec) 115:333-353. PDF
- Freeland, J.; Crozier, R. H.; Marc, J. 1982. On the occurrence of arolia in ant feet. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 21:257-262. PDF
- Gallardo, A. 1915. Observaciones sobre algunas hormigas de la República Argentina. Anales del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Buenos Aires 27:1-35. PDF
- Ganin, M. 1869. Über die Embryonalhülle der Hymnopteren- und Lepidopteren-Embryonen. Mémoires de l'Académie impériale des sciences de St. Pétersbourg 7e serie 14(5):18 pp., 1 pl. PDF
- Gathalkar, G. B.; Barsagade, D. D. 2018. Cephalic microstructure and its role in predation biology of Myrmicaria brunnea on Antheraea mylitta. Journal of Applied Biology & Biotechnology 6:1-6. 10.7324/JABB.2017.60101 PDF
- General, D. E. M.; Alpert, G. D. 2012. A synoptic review of the ant genera (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of the Philippines. ZooKeys 200:1-111. PDF
- Gennerich, J. 1922. Morphologische und biologische Untersuchungen der Putzapparate der Hymenopteren. Archiv für Naturgeschichte 88A_12:1-63. PDF
- Gill, K. P.; van Wilgenburg, E.; Macmillan, D. L.; Elgar, M. A. 2013. Density of antennal sensilla influences efficacy of communication in a social insect. American Naturalist 182:834-40. 10.1086/673712 PDF
- Goll, W. 1967. Strukturuntersuchungen am Gehirn von Formica. Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Ökologie der Tiere 59:143-210.
- Gómez, K. 2017. Two species of exotic ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) new to Malta. Boletín de la Sociedad Entomológica Aragonesa (S.E.A.) 61:233-235. PDF
- Gösswald, K. 1985. Organisation und Leben der Ameisen. Stuttgart: Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, 355 pp.
- Gotwald, W. H., Jr. 1969b. Comparative morphological studies of the ants, with particular reference to the mouthparts (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Memoirs of the Cornell University Agricultural Experiment Station 408:1-150. PDF
- Greenslade, P. J. M. 1979. A guide to ants of South Australia. Adelaide: South Australian Museum (Special Educational Bulletin Series), 44 pp.
- Greer, J. A.; Moreau, C. S. 2022. Phylogenetic analysis and trait evolution of ant cocoons. Insect Systematics & Evolution 53:60-77. 10.1163/1876312X-bja10008 PDF
- Gregg, R. E. 1953c. Morphological considerations affecting the taxonomy of certain genera of ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 55:324-330. PDF
- Gregg, R. E. 1963. The ants of Colorado, with reference to their ecology, taxonomy, and geographic distribution. Boulder: University of Colorado Press, xvi + 792 pp.
- Greiner, B.; Narendra, A.; Reid, S. F.; Dacke, M.; Ribi, W. A.; Zeil, J. 2007. Eye structure correlates with distinct foraging-bout timing in primitive ants. Current Biology 17:R879-R880. 10.1016/j.cub.2007.08.015 PDF
- Grimaldi, D.; Agosti, D. 2000b. A formicine in New Jersey Cretaceous amber (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) and early evolution of the ants. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 97:13678-13683.
- Grimaldi, D.; Agosti, D.; Carpenter, J. M. 1997. New and rediscovered primitive ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Cretaceous amber from New Jersey, and their phylogenetic relationships. American Museum Novitates 3208:1-43. PDF
- Grimaldi, D.; Engel, M. S. 2005. Evolution of the insects. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, xv + 755 pp. PDF
- Gronenberg, W. 2008. Structure and function of ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) brains: strength in numbers. Myrmecological News 11:25-36. PDF
- Gronenberg, W.; Ehmer, B. 1995. Tubular muscle fibers in ants and other insects. Zoology. Analysis of Complex Systems 99:68-80.
- Gronenberg, W.; Ehmer, B. 1996. The mandible mechanism of the ant genus Anochetus (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) and the possible evolution of trap-jaws. Zoology. Analysis of Complex Systems 99:153-162.
- Gronenberg, W.; Hölldobler, B. 1999. Morphologic representation of visual and antennal information in the ant brain. Journal of Comparative Neurology 412:229-240. PDF
- Gull-e-Fareen, A.; Bodlah, I.; Rasheed, M. T.; Niaz, Y.; Bodlah, M. A.; Asif, M.; Khokhar, N. M. 2020. Trophic associations of ants with aphid partners and new distribution records of some ants in Pothwar region of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology 53 (1):101-110. [online early] 10.17582/journal.pjz/20190510120507 PDF
- Gusmão, L. G.; Caetano, F. H.; Nakano, O. 2001. Ultramorphology of the metapleural gland in three species of Atta (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Iheringia. Série Zoologia 91:33-37. PDF
- Habenstein, J.; Amini, E.; Grübel, K.; el Jundi, B.; Rössler, W. 2020. The brain of Cataglyphis ants: neuronal organization and visual projections. Journal of Comparative Neurology 2020:1-28. [online early] 10.1002/cne.24934 PDF
- Hackmann, A.; Delacave, H.; Robinson, A.; Labonte, D.; Federle, W. 2015. Functional morphology and efficiency of the antenna cleaner in Camponotus rufifemur ants. Royal Society Open Science 2:150129. 10.1098/rsos.150129 PDF
- Haliday, A. H. 1836. Descriptions, etc. of the Hymenoptera. Pp. 316-331 in: Curtis, J.; Haliday, A. H.; Walker, F. 1836. Descriptions, etc. of the insects collected by Captain P. P. King R. N., F. R. S., in the survey of the Straits of Magellan. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London 17:315-359.
- Handlirsch, A. 1907. Die fossilen Insekten und die Phylogenie der rezenten Formen. Ein Handbuch für Paläontologen und Zoologen. Lieferung 6. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann, pp. 801-960.
- Harris, R. A. 1979. A glossary of surface sculpturing. Occasional Papers in Entomology, State of California Department of Food and Agriculture 28:1-31. 10.5281/zenodo.26215 PDF
- Hashimoto, Y. 1990. Unique features of sensilla on the antennae of Formicidae (Hymenoptera). Applied Entomology and Zoology 25:491-501. PDF
- Hashimoto, Y. 1991a. Phylogenetic study of the family Formicidae based on the sensillum structures on the antennae and labial palpi (Hymenoptera, Aculeata). Japanese Journal of Entomology 59:125-140. PDF
- Hashimoto, Y. 1991b. Phylogenetic implications of the spur structures of the hind tibia in the Formicidae (Hymenoptera). Japanese Journal of Entomology 59:289-294. PDF
- Hashimoto, Y. 1996. Skeletomuscular modifications associated with the formation of an additional petiole on the anterior abdominal segments in aculeate Hymenoptera. Japanese Journal of Entomology 64:340-356. PDF
- Haskins, C. P.; Whelden, R. M. 1954. Note on the exchange of ingluvial food in the genus Myrmecia. Insectes Sociaux 1:33-37.
- Heer, O. 1867. Fossile Hymenopteren aus Oeningen und Radoboj. Neue Denkschriften der Allgemeinen Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für die Gesammten Naturwissenschaften 22(4):1-42. PDF
- Hegner, R. W. 1915. Studies on germ cells. IV. Protoplasmic differentiation in the oocytes of certain Hymenoptera. Journal of Morphology 26:495-561. PDF
- Hermann, H. R.; Chao, J.-T. 1983. Furcula, a major component of the hymenopterous venom apparatus. International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology 12:321-337.
- Heterick, B. E. 2009. A guide to the ants of south-western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 76:1-206. PDF
- Heterick, B. E. 2021. A guide to the ants of Western Australia. Part I: Systematics. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 86:245 pp. 10.18195/issn.0313-122x.86.2021.001-245 PDF
- Holgersen, H. 1942b. Ants of northern Norway (Hym., Form.). Tromso Museums Årshefter [Aarshefter] 63(2):1-34. PDF
- Holgersen, H. 1943c. Bestemmelsestabell over norske maur (Hym., Formicidae). Norsk Entomologisk Tidsskrift 6:164-182. PDF
- Holgersen, H. 1944a. The ants of Norway (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Nytt Magasin for Naturvidenskapene 84:165-203. PDF
- Hölldobler, B.; Engel-Siegel, H. 1982. Tergal and sternal glands in male ants. Psyche (Cambridge) 89:113-132.
- Hölldobler, B.; Engel-Siegel, H. 1985 ("1984"). On the metapleural gland of ants. Psyche (Cambridge) 91:201-224. PDF
- Hölldobler, B.; Engel, H. 1979 ("1978"). Tergal and sternal glands in ants. Psyche (Cambridge) 85:285-330. PDF
- Hölldobler, B.; Obermayer, M.; Peeters, C. 1996. Comparative study of the metatibial gland in ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Zoomorphology (Berlin) 116:157-167.
- Hölldobler, B.; Wilson, E. O. 1990. The ants. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, xii + 732 pp.
- Imai, H. T.; Baroni Urbani, C.; Kubota, M.; Sharma, G. P.; Narasimhanna, M. H.; Das, B. C.; Sharma, A. K.; Sharma, A.; Deodikar, G. B.; Vaidya, V. G.; Rajasekarasetty, M. R. 1984. Karyological survey of Indian ants. Japanese Journal of Genetics 59:1-32. PDF
- Imai, H. T.; Brown, W. L., Jr.; Kubota, M.; Yong, H.-S.; Tho, Y. P. 1984. Chromosome observations on tropical ants from western Malaysia. II. Annual Report. National Institute of Genetics, Japan 34:66-69. PDF
- Imai, H. T.; Kihara, A.; Kondoh, M.; Kubota, M.; Kuribayashi, S.; Ogata, K.; Onoyama, K.; Taylor, R. W.; Terayama, M.; Tsukii, Y.; Yoshimura, M.; Ugawa, Y. 2003. Ants of Japan. Tokyo: Gakken, 224 pp. PDF
- Imai, H. T.; Kubota, M.; Brown, W. L., Jr.; Ihara, M.; Tohari, M.; Pranata, R. I. 1985. Chromosome observations on tropical ants from Indonesia. Annual Report. National Institute of Genetics, Japan 35:46-48. PDF
- Jaffe, K. 1993. El mundo de las hormigas. Baruta, Venezuela: Equinoccio (Ediciones de la Universidad Simón Bolívar), 188 pp.
- Jaisson, P. 1969. Étude de la distribution des organes sensoriels de l'antenne et de leurs relations possibles avec le comportement chez deux fourmis myrmicines: Myrmica laevinodis Nyl.. et Aphaenogaster gibbosa Latr. récoltées dans la région des Eyzies. Insectes Sociaux 16:279-312. PDF
- Jaisson, P. 1970. Note préliminaire sur le polymorphisme sensoriel et l'existence d'un nouveau type de sensillum chez la fourmi champignonniste: Atta laevigata Fred. Smith. Comptes Rendus (Hebdomadaires) des Séances de l'Academie des Sciences. Série D. Sciences Naturelles 271:1192-1194.
- Janet, C. 1893. Note sur la production des sons chez les fourmis et sur les organes qui les produisent. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 62:159-167.
- Janet, C. 1894a. Étude sur les fourmis. 6e note. Sur l'appareil de stridulation de Myrmica rubra L. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 63:109-117.
- Janet, C. 1894b. Sur les nerfs de l'antenne et les organes chordotonaux chez les fourmis. Comptes Rendus (Hebdomadaires) des Séances de l'Academie des Sciences 118:814-817.
- Janet, C. 1894c. Sur le système glandulaire des fourmis. Comptes Rendus (Hebdomadaires) des Séances de l'Academie des Sciences 118:989-992.
- Janet, C. 1894d. Études sur les fourmis. (Quatrième note.) Pelodera des glandes pharyngiennes de Formica rufa L. Mémoires de la Société Zoologique de France 7:45-62.
- Janet, C. 1894e. Études sur les fourmis. 5e note. Sur la morphologie du squelette des segments post-thoraciques chez les Myrmicides (Myrmica rubra L. femelle). Mémoires de la Société Académique d'Archéologie, Sciences et Arts du Département de l'Oise 15:591-611.
- Janet, C. 1894f. Études sur les fourmis. (Septième note.) Sur l'anatomie du petiole de Myrmica rubra L. Mémoires de la Société Zoologique de France 7:185-202.
- Janet, C. 1895a ("1894"). Études sur les fourmis. 8e note. Sur l'organe de nettoyage tibio-tarsien de Myrmica rubra L., race levinodis Nyl. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France 63:691-704.
- Janet, C. 1895b. Sur les muscles des fourmis, des guêpes et des abeilles. Comptes Rendus (Hebdomadaires) des Séances de l'Academie des Sciences 121:610-613.
- Janet, C. 1895c. Études sur les fourmis, les guêpes et les abeilles. 12me note. Structure des membranes articulaires des tendons et des muscles (Myrmica, Camponotus, Vespa, Apis). Limoges: H. Ducourtieux, 25 pp.
- Janet, C. 1897b. Études sur les fourmis, les guêpes et les abeilles. Note 16. Limites morphologiques des anneaux post-céphaliques et musculature des anneaux post-thoraciques chez la Myrmica rubra. Lille: Le Bigot Frères, 36 pp.
- Janet, C. 1898a. Sur les limites morphologiques des anneaux du tégument et sur la situation des membranes articulaires chez les Hyménoptères arrivés à l'état d'imago. Comptes Rendus (Hebdomadaires) des Séances de l'Academie des Sciences 126:435-439.
- Janet, C. 1898b. Sur une cavité du tégument servant, chez les Myrmicinae, à étaler, au contact de l'air, un produit de sécrétion. Comptes Rendus (Hebdomadaires) des Séances de l'Academie des Sciences 126:1168-1171.
- Janet, C. 1898c. Sur un organe non décrit, servant à la fermeture du réservoir du venin et sur le mode de fonctionnement de l'aiguillon chez les fourmis. Comptes Rendus (Hebdomadaires) des Séances de l'Academie des Sciences 127:638-641.
- Janet, C. 1898d. Études sur les fourmis, les guêpes et les abeilles. Note 17. Système glandulaire tégumentaire de la Myrmica rubra. Observations diverses sur les fourmis. Paris: G. Carré et C. Naud, 30 pp.
- Janet, C. 1898e. Études sur les fourmis, les guêpes et les abeilles. Note 18. Aiguillon de la Myrmica rubra. Appareil de fermeture de la glande à venin. Paris: G. Carré et C. Naud, 27 pp.
- Janet, C. 1898f. Études sur les fourmis, les guêpes et les abeilles. (19me Note.) Anatomie du corselet de la Myrmica rubra reine. Mémoires de la Société Zoologique de France 11:393-450.
- Janet, C. 1899a. Sur le mécanisme du vol chez les insectes. Comptes Rendus (Hebdomadaires) des Séances de l'Academie des Sciences 128:249-253.
- Janet, C. 1899b. Sur les nerfs céphaliques, les corpora allata et le tentorium de la fourmi (Myrmica rubra L.). Mémoires de la Société Zoologique de France 12:295-335.
- Janet, C. 1902. Anatomie du gaster de la Myrmica rubra. Paris: G. Carré et C. Naud, 68 pp.
- Janet, C. 1904. Observations sur les fourmis. Limoges: Ducourtieux et Gout, 68 pp. PDF
- Janet, C. 1905. Anatomie de la tête du Lasius niger reine. Limoges: Ducourtieux et Gout, 40 pp. PDF
- Janet, C. 1906. Sur un organe non décrit du thorax des fourmis ailées. Comptes Rendus (Hebdomadaires) des Séances de l'Academie des Sciences 143:522-524.
- Janet, C. 1907. Anatomie du corselet et histolyse des muscles vibrateurs, après le vol nuptial, chez la reine de la fourmi (Lasius niger). Limoges: Ducourtieux et Gout, 149 pp.
- Janet, C. 1909. Sur la morphologie de l'insecte. Limoges: Ducourtieux et Gout, 75 pp.
- Janet, C. 1923. Revendications à propos de ses dessins de zoologie empruntés par d’autres auteurs. Limoges: Imprimerie et Librarie Limousines Ducourtieux, 13 pp. PDF
- Jeantet, A.-Y. 1969. Recherches histophysiologiques sur la développement post-embryonnaire et le cycle annuel de Formica rufa (Hyménòptere). Insectes Sociaux 16:87-102. PDF
- Jennings, J. T.; Krogmann, L.; Burwell, C. 2013. Review of the hymenopteran fauna of New Caledonia with a checklist of species. Zootaxa 3736(1):1-53. PDF
- Jensen, P. V.; Borgesen, L. W. 2000. Regional and functional differentiation in the fat body of pharaoh's ant queens, Monomorium pharaonis (L.). Arthropod Structure and Development 29:171-184.
- Johnson, B. R.; Borowiec, M. L.; Chiu, J. C.; Lee, E. K.; Atallah, J.; Ward, P. S. 2013. Phylogenomics resolves evolutionary relationships among ants, bees, and wasps. Current Biology 23:2058-2062. PDF
- Jones, R. G.; Davis, W. L.; Hung, A. C. F.; Vinson, S. B. 1978. Insemination-based histolysis of the flight musculature in fire ants (Solenopsis spp.): an ultrastructural study. American Journal of Anatomy 151:603-610.
- Julian, G. E.; Gronenberg, W. 2002. Smaller brains in queen ants. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 60:152-164.
- Karaman, M. G. 2011b. A catalogue of the ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of Montenegro [in Montenegrin]. Podgorica: Catalogues 3, Volume 2, Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Arts, 140 pp. PDF
- Karavaiev, V. 1927d. The ant fauna of Ukraine. [In Ukrainian.]. Zbirnyk Prats' Zoolohichnoho Muzeyu 2:1-52 [= Trudy. Ukrains'ka Akademiya Nauk. Fizichno-Matematichnoho Viddilu 4:247-296].
- Karavaiev, V. 1934. The fauna of the family Formicidae (ants) of the Ukraine. [In Ukrainian.]. Trudy Instytutu Zoolohii ta Biolohii Vseukrains'koi Akademii Nauk. Seriya 1. Pratsi z Systematyky ta Faunistyky 1934:1-164.
- Keilbach, R. 1982. Bibliographie und Liste der Arten tierischer Einschlüsse in fossilen Harzen sowie ihrer Aufbewahrungsorte. Teil 1. Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift (N.F.)29:129-286.
- Keister, M. 1963. The anatomy of the tracheal system of Camponotus pennsylvanicus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 56:336-340.
- Kelber, C.; Rössler, W.; Roces, F.; Kleineidam, C. J. 2009. The antennal lobes of fungus-growing ants (Attini): neuroanatomical traits and evolutionary trends. Brain, Behavior and Evolution 73:273-284. PDF
- Keller, R. A. 2011. A phylogenetic analysis of ant morphology (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with special reference to the poneromorph subfamilies. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 355:1-90. PDF
- Kempf, W. W. 1956. A morphological study on the male genitalia of Paracryptocerus (P.) pusillus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Revista Brasileira de Entomologia 5:101-110. PDF
- Kempf, W. W. 1972b. Catálogo abreviado das formigas da região Neotropical. Studia Entomologica 15:3-344. PDF
- Kempf, W. W. 1978a. Formicidae-Hym. 111. Chave para identificação de operárias des sete subfamilias que ocorrem no Brasil. Studia Entomologica 20:33. PDF
- Khalife, A.; Keller, R. A.; Billen, J.; Hita Garcia, F.; Economo, E. P.; Peeters, C. 2018. Skeletomuscular adaptations of head and legs of Melissotarsus ants for tunnelling through living wood. Frontiers in Zoology 15 (30):11 pp. 10.1186/s12983-018-0277-6 PDF
- Khalife, A.; Peeters, C.; Economo, E. P. 2022. Minute workers and large soldiers in the subterranean ant Carebara perpusilla: Musculoskeletal consequences of Haller's rule in the thorax. Arthropod Structure and Development 69:101188. 10.1016/j.asd.2022.101188 PDF
- Kleineidam, C.; Romani, R.; Tautz, J.; Isidoro, N. 2000. Ultrastructure and physiology of the CO2 sensitive sensillum ampullaceum in the leaf-cutting ant Atta sexdens. Arthropod Structure and Development 29:43-55. PDF
- Klunk, C. L.; Argenta, M. A.; Casadei-Ferreira, A.; Economo, E. P.; Pie, M. R. 2021. Mandibular morphology, task specialization and bite mechanics in Pheidole ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of the Royal Society Interface 18 (179):24 pp. 20210318. 10.1098/rsif.2021.0318 PDF
- Kratochvíl, J. 1941b. [Untitled. New subgenera of Tetramorium, and a new subspecies, Tetramorium ferox silhavyi, attributed to Kratochvíl.]. P. 84 in: Novák, V.; Sadil, J. 1941. Klíc k urcování mravencu strední Evropy se zvlástním zretelem k mravencí zvírene Cech a Moravy. Entomologické Listy 4:65-115. PDF
- Kubota, H.; Yoshimura, J.; Niitsu, S.; Shimizu, A. 2019. Morphology of the tentorium in the ant genus Lasius Fabricius (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Scientific Reports 9 (6722):8 pp. 10.1038/s41598-019-43175-w PDF
- Kück, P.; Hita Garcia, F.; Misof, B.; Meusemann, K. 2011. Improved phylogenetic analyses corroborate a plausible position of Martialis heureka in the ant tree of life. PLoS ONE 6 (6):15 pp. e21031. 10.1371/journal.pone.0021031 PDF
- Kugler, C. 1978a. A comparative study of the myrmicine sting apparatus (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Studia Entomologica 20:413-548.
- Kugler, C. 1979c. Evolution of the sting apparatus in the myrmicine ants. Evolution 33:117-130. PDF
- Kühn-Bühlmann, S.; Wehner, R. 2006. Age-dependent and task-related volume changes in the mushroom bodies of visually-guided desert ants Cataglyphis bicolor. Journal of Neurobiology 66:511-521. 10.1002/neu.20235 PDF
- Kupyanskaya, A. N. 1990a. Ants of the Far Eastern USSR. [In Russian.]. Vladivostok: Akademiya Nauk SSSR, 258 pp.
- Kupyanskaya, A. N. 1995. Formicidae - Murav'i. Pp. 325-368 in: Ler, P. A. 1995. Opredelitel' Nasekomykh Dal'nego Vostoka Rossii 4. Setchatokyrloobraznye, Skorpionnitsy, Pereponchatokrylye, chast 1. St. Petersburg: Rossiiskaya Akademiya Nauk, 604 pp.
- Kusnezov, N. 1956a. Claves para la identificación de las hormigas de la fauna argentina. Idia 104-105:1-56. PDF
- Kusnezov, N. 1960b ("1959"). La fauna de hormigas en el oeste de la Patagonia y Tierra del Fuego. Acta Zoologica Lilloana 17:321-401. PDF
- Kutter, H. 1920b. "Gehe hin zur Ameise!" Anleitung zur selbständigen Ameisenforschung. Naturwissenschaftliche Beobachtungsbücher 1-2:164 pp.
- Kutter, H. 1977c. Hymenoptera, Formicidae. Insecta Helvetica. Fauna 6:1-298.
- Lameere, A. 1892. Note sur les fourmis de la Belgique. Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 36:61-69.
- Lams, H. 1908. Les divisions des spermatocytes chez la fourmi (Camponotus herculeanus L.). Archiv für Zellforchung 1:528-537.
- Lapeva-Gjonova, A.; Antonova, V.; Radchenko, A. G.; Atanasova, M. 2010. Catalogue of the ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of Bulgaria. ZooKeys 62:1-124. PDF
- LaPolla, J. S.; Dlussky, G. M.; Perrichot, V. 2013. Ants and the fossil record. Annual Review of Entomology 58:609-630. PDF
- Lappano, E. R. 1958. A morphological study of larval development in polymorphic all-worker broods of the army ant Eciton burchelli. Insectes Sociaux 5:31-66. PDF
- Larabee, F. J.; Suarez, A. V. 2014. The evolution and functional morphology of trap-jaw ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecological News 20:25-36. PDF
- Latreille, P. A. 1809. Genera crustaceorum et insectorum secundum ordinem naturalem in familias disposita, iconibus exemplisque plurimus explicata. Tomus 4. Parisiis et Argentorati [= Paris and Strasbourg]: A. Koenig, 399 pp. PDF
- Lattke, J. E. 2004. A taxonomic revision and phylogenetic analysis of the ant genus Gnamptogenys Roger in Southeast Asia and Australasia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). University of California Publications in Entomology 122:1-266. PDF
- Leach, W. E. 1815. Entomology. Pp. 57-172 in: Brewster, D. (ed.) 1815. The Edinburgh encyclopedia. Edinburgh: William Blackwood, Volume 9.
- Lieberman, Z. E.; Billen, J. P. J.; van de Kamp, T.; Boudinot, B. E. 2022. The ant abdomen: The skeletomuscular and soft tissue anatomy of Amblyopone australis workers (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of Morphology 283:693-770. 10.1002/jmor.21471 PDF
- Lilienstern, M. 1932. Beiträge zur bakteriensymbiose der ameisen. Zeitschrift für Morphologie und Ökologie der Tiere 26:110-134. 10.1007/BF00446391 PDF
- Lillico-Ouachour, A.; Metscher, B.; Kaji, T.; Abouheif, E. 2018. Internal head morphology of minor workers and soldiers in the hyperdiverse ant genus Pheidole. Canadian Journal of Zoology 96:383-392. PDF
- Liu, S.-P.; Richter, A.; Stoessel, A.; Beutel, R. G. 2019. The mesosomal anatomy of Myrmecia nigrocincta workers and evolutionary transformations in Formicidae (Hymenoptera). Arthropod Systematics and Phylogeny 77:1-19. 10.26049/ASP77-1-2019-01 PDF
- Lommelen, E.; Schoeters, E.; Billen, J. 2003. Development of the labial gland of the ponerine ant Pachycondyla obscuricornis (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) during the pupal stage. Arthropod Structure and Development 32:209-217. 10.1016/S1467-8039(03)00052-5 PDF
- Lomnicki, J. 1925a ("1924"). Przeglad polskich gatunków rodzaju mrówki (Formica Linné). Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne 3:151-182. PDF
- Lubbock, J. 1877. On some points in the anatomy of ants. Monthly Microscopical Journal 18:121-142.
- Lubbock, J. 1879. On the anatomy of ants. [Abstract.]. Journal of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology 14:738-739.
- Lubbock, J. 1881. On the anatomy of ants. Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology (2)2:141-154. PDF
- Lutz, H. 1986. Eine neue Unterfamilie der Formicidae (Insecta: Hymenoptera) aus dem mittel-eozänen Olschiefer der "Grube Messel" bei Darmstadt (Deutschland, S-Hessen). Senckenbergiana Lethaea 67:177-218. PDF
- MacKay, W. P.; Lowrie, D.; Fisher, A.; MacKay, E. E.; Barnes, F. 1988. The ants of Los Alamos County, New Mexico (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pp. 79-131 in: Trager, J. C. (ed.) 1988. Advances in myrmecology. Leiden: E. J. Brill, xxvii + 551 pp. PDF
- Mackay, W.; Mackay, E. 2002. The ants of New Mexico (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Lewiston, New York: Edwin Mellen Press, 400 pp. PDF
- Mackay, W.P.; MacKay, E. E. 1989. Clave de los géneros de hormigas en México. 2nd Simposio Nacional de Insectos Sociales 1:1-18.
- Markl, H. 1966. Peripheres Nervensystem und Muskulatur im Thorax der Arbeiterin von Apis mellifica L., Formica polyctena Foerster und Vespa vulgaris L. und der Grundplan der Innervierung des Insektenthorax. Zoologische Jahrbücher. Abteilung für Anatomie und Ontogenie der Tiere 83:107-184.
- Markl, H. 1973. The evolution of stridulatory communication in ants. Pp. 258-265 in: International Union for the Study of Social Insects. Congress 1973. Proceedings IUSSI VIIth International Congress, London, 10-15 September, 1973. Southampton: University of Southampton, vi + 418 pp.
- Marques-Silva, S.; Matiello-Guss, C. P.; Delabie, J. H. C.; Mariano, C. S. F.; Zanuncio, J. C.; Serrão, J. E. 2006. Sensilla and secretory glands in the antennae of a primitive ant Dinoponera lucida (Formicidae: Ponerinae). Microscopy Research and Technique 69:885-890. PDF
- Masson, C. 1969. Études anatomique et électrophysiologique du deutocérébron de Camponotus ligniperda Latr. (Hyménoptère - Formicidae). Pp. 171-180 in: Ernst, E. et al. (eds.) 1969. International Union for the Study of Social Insects. VI Congress. Bern 15-20 September 1969. Proceedings. Bern: Organizing Committee of the VI Congress IUSSI, 309 pp.
- Masson, C. 1970. Étude anatomique et fonctionnelle d'une nouvelle structure réceptrice en rapport avec l'antenne chez les fourmis. Comptes Rendus (Hebdomadaires) des Séances de l'Academie des Sciences. Série D. Sciences Naturelles 271:346-349.
- Masson, C. 1972a. Le système antennaire chez les fourmis. I. Histologie et ultrastructure du deutocérébron. Étude comparée chez Camponotus vagus (Formicinae) et Mesoponera caffraria (Ponerinae). Zeitschrift für Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomie 134:31-64.
- Masson, C. 1972b. Organisation sensorielle des principales articulations de l'antenne de la fourmi Camponotus vagus Scop. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Zeitschrift für Morphologie der Tiere 73:343-359.
- Masson, C.; Friggi, A. 1971. Étude morphologique et topographique des sensilla coeloconica et des sensilla ampullacea de l'antenne de l'ouvrière de Camponotus vagus Scop. (Hym. Formicidae). Comptes Rendus (Hebdomadaires) des Séances de l'Academie des Sciences. Série D. Sciences Naturelles 272:618-621. PDF
- Masson, C.; Gabouriaut, D. 1973. Ultrastructure de l'organe de Johnston de la Fourmi Camponotus vagus Scop. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Zeitschrift für Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomie 140:39-75.
- Masson, C.; Gabouriaut, D.; Friggi, A. 1972. Ultrastructure d'un nouveau type de récepteur olfactif de l'antenne d'insecte trouvé chez la fourmi Camponotus vagus Scop. (Hymenoptera, Formicinae). Zeitschrift für Morphologie der Tiere 72:349-360.
- Matsuda, R. 1970. Morphology and Evolution of the Insect Thorax. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 76:1-431.
- Matte, A.; Billen, J. P. J. 2021. Flight muscle histolysis in Lasius niger queens. Asian Myrmecology 13:16 pp. e013003. [online early] 10.20362/am.013003 PDF
- Mayr, G. 1855. Formicina austriaca. Beschreibung der bisher im österreichischen Kaiserstaate aufgefundenen Ameisen, nebst Hinzufügung jener in Deutschland, in der Schweiz und in Italien vorkommenden Arten. Verhandlungen der Zoologisch-Botanischen Vereins in Wien 5:273-478. PDF
- Mayr, G. 1861. Die europäischen Formiciden. Nach der analytischen Methode bearbeitet. Wien: C. Gerolds Sohn, 80 pp. PDF
- Mayr, G. 1863a. Formicidarum index synonymicus. Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-Königlichen Zoologisch-Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 13:385-460. PDF
- Mayr, G. 1865. Formicidae. In: Novara Expedition 1865. Reise der Österreichischen Fregatte "Novara" um die Erde in den Jahren 1857, 1858, 1859. Zoologischer Theil. Bd. II. Abt. 1. Wien: K. Gerold's Sohn, 119 pp. PDF
- Meinert, F. 1861. Bidrag til de danske Myrers Naturhistorie. Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter (5)5:273-340. PDF
- Menozzi, C. 1933b. Le formiche della Palestina. Memorie della Società Entomologica Italiana 12:49-113. PDF
- Menozzi, C.; Russo, G. 1930. Contributo alla conoscenza della mirmecofauna della Repubblica Dominicana (Antille). Bollettino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della Reale Scuola Superiore d'Agricoltura. Portici 24:148-173. PDF
- Menzel, J. G.; Tautz, J. 1994. Functional morphology of the subgenual organ of the carpenter ant. Tissue & Cell 26:735-746. PDF
- Menzi, U. 1986. Visual adaptation in nocturnal and diurnal ants. Journal of Comparative Physiology. A. Sensory, Neural and Behavioral Physiology 160:11-21. PDF
- Moreau, C. S.; Bell, C. D. 2013. Testing the museum versus cradle tropical biological diversity hypothesis: phylogeny, diversification, and ancestral biogeographic range evolution of the ants. Evolution 67:2240-2257. PDF
- Moreau, C. S.; Bell, C. D.; Vila, R.; Archibald, S. B.; Pierce, N. E. 2006. Phylogeny of the ants: diversification in the age of angiosperms. Science (Washington, D. C.) 312:101-104. PDF
- Morley, B. D. W. 1938. An outline of the phylogeny of the Formicidae. Bulletin de la Société Entomologique de France 43:190-194. PDF
- Moya, J.; Mancini, K.; Lino-Neto, J.; Delabie, J.; Dolder, H. 2007. Sperm ultrastructure of five species of the Neotropical ant genus Pseudomyrmex (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Acta Zoologica (Stockholm) 88:181-187. PDF
- Muscedere, M. L.; Traniello, J. F. A.; Gronenberg, W. 2011. Coming of age in an ant colony: cephalic muscle maturation accompanies behavioral development in Pheidole dentata. Naturwissenschaften 98:783-793. 10.1007/s00114-011-0828-6 PDF
- Mysore, K.; Shyamala, B. V.; Rodrigues, V. 2010. Morphological and developmental analysis of peripheral antennal chemosensory sensilla and central olfactory glomeruli in worker castes of Camponotus compressus (Fabricius, 1787). Arthropod Structure and Development 39:310-321. 10.1016/j.asd.2010.04.003 PDF
- Nakanishi, A.; Nishino, H.; Watanabe, H.; Yokohari, F.; Nishikawa, M. 2009. Sex-specific antennal sensory system in the ant Camponotus japonicus: structure and distribution of sensilla on the flagellum. Cell and Tissue Research 338:79-97. 10.1007/s00441-009-0863-1 PDF
- Narendra, A.; Ramirez-Esquivel, F.; Ribi, W. A. 2016. Compound eye and ocellar structure for walking and flying modes of locomotion in the Australian ant, Camponotus consobrinus. Scientific Reports 6:22331. 10.1038/srep22331 PDF
- Narendra, A.; Reid, S. F.; Greiner, B.; Peters, R. A.; Hemmi, J. M.; Ribi, W. A.; Zeil. J. 2011. Caste-specific visual adaptations to distinct daily activity schedules in Australian Myrmecia ants. Proceedings of the Royal Society. Series B. 278:1141-1149. 10.1098/rspb.2010.1378 PDF
- Nasonov, N. V. 1889. Contribution to the natural history of the ants primarily of Russia. 1. Contribution to the ant fauna of Russia. [In Russian.]. Izvestiya Imperatorskago Obshchestva Lyubitelei Estestvoznaniya Antropologii i Etnografii pri Imperatorskom Moskovskom Universitete 58:1-78.
- Nguyen, V.; Lilly, B.; Castro, C. 2014. The exoskeletal structure and tensile loading behavior of an ant neck joint. Journal of Biomechanics 47:497-504. 10.1016/j.biomech.2013.10.053 PDF
- Nilsson, O.; Douwes, P. 1987. Norrländska myror med bestämningstabell till arbetarna. Natur i Norr 6:49-90.
- Nitschmann, J. 1959. Die Entwicklung des Darmkanals bei Myrmica ruginodis Nyl. (Hym. Formicidae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift 6:454--463. PDF
- Novák, V.; Sadil, J. 1941. Klíc k urcování mravencu strední Evropy se zvlástním zretelem k mravencí zvírene Cech a Moravy. Entomologické Listy 4:65-115. PDF
- Nylander, W. 1846a. Adnotationes in monographiam formicarum borealium Europae. Acta Societatis Scientiarum Fennicae 2:875-944. PDF
- Ofer, J. 1970. Polyrhachis simplex. The weaver ant of Israel. Insectes Sociaux 17:49-82. PDF
- Ogata, K. 1983a. Structure and function of the male genitalia of ants. [Abstract.] [In Japanese.]. Ari 11:2.
- Ogata, K. 1984. Morphological notes on the wing venation of ants. [Abstract.] [In Japanese.]. Ari 12:4.
- Ogata, K. 1991b. A generic synopsis of the poneroid complex of the family Formicidae (Hymenoptera). Part II. Subfamily Myrmicinae. Bulletin of the Institute of Tropical Agriculture Kyushu University 14:61-149. PDF
- Ohnishi, H.; Imai, H. T.; Yamamoto, M.-T. 2004 ("2003"). Molecular phylogenetic analysis of ant subfamily relationship inferred from rDNA sequences. Genes and Genetic Systems 78:419-425. PDF
- Onoyama, K.; Terayama, M. 1994. A list of references on Japanese ants. [In Japanese.]. Tokyo: Myrmecological Society of Japan, iii + 50 pp.
- Orivel, J.; Malherbe, M. C.; Dejean, A. 2001. Relationships between pretarsus morphology and arboreal life in ponerine ants of the genus Pachycondyla (Formicidae: Ponerinae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 94:449-456.
- Ortius-Lechner, D.; Rüger, M.; Wanke, T. 2003. Sexing at the larval stage in two ant species of the Formicoxenini (Hymenoptera). Zoomorphology 122:41-45. 10.1007/s00435-002-0067-7 PDF
- Ouellette, G. D.; Fisher, B. L.; Girman, D. J. 2006. Molecular systematics of basal subfamilies of ants using 28S rRNA (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40:359-369. PDF
- Ozaki, M.; Wada-Katsumata, A.; Fujikawa, K.; Iwasaki, M; Yokohari, F.; Satoji, Y; Nisimura, T.; Yamaoka, R. 2005. Ant nestmate and non-nestmate discrimination by a chemosensory sensillum. Science 309:311-314. 10.1126/science.1105244 PDF
- Palacio, E. E.; Fernández, F. 2003. Claves para las subfamilias y géneros. Pp. 233-260 in: Fernández, F. (ed.) 2003. Introducción a las hormigas de la región Neotropical. Bogotá: Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, xxvi + 424 pp.
- Paul, J. 2001. Review. Mandible movements in ants. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A 131:7-20. PDF
- Paul, J.; Gronenberg, W. 1999. Optimizing force and velocity: mandible muscle fibre attachments in ants. Journal of Experimental Biology 202:797-808. PDF
- Paul, J.; Gronenberg, W. 2002. Motor control of the mandible closer muscle in ants. Journal of Insect Physiology 48:255-267. PDF
- Paul, J.; Roces, F.; Hölldobler, B. 2002. How do ants stick out their tongues? Journal of Morphology 254:39-52.
- Pavan, M.; Ronchetti, G. 1955. Studi sulla morfologia esterna e anatomia interna dell'operaia di Iridomyrmex humilis Mayr e ricerche chimiche e biologiche sulla iridomirmecina. Atti della Società Italiana di Scienze Naturali e del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Milano 94:379-477. PDF
- Penick, C.A.; Ebie, J.; Moore, D. 2014. A non-destructive method for identifying the sex of ant larvae. Insectes Sociaux 61:51-55. 10.1007/s00010-013-0323-5 PDF
- Pérez, C. 1902. Contribution a l'étude des métamorphoses. Bulletin Scientifique de la France et de la Belgique 37:195-427.
- Perfilieva, K. S. 2010. Trends in evolution of ant wing venation (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Entomological Review 90:965-977. PDF
-
Perrault, G. H. 1999b. L'architecture thoracique associée à la jonction pronoto-mésothoracique des ouvrières de fourmis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Intérêt pour la phylogénie du groupe.
. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (n.s.)35:125-163. - Perrault, G. H. 2005 ("2004"). Étude morphoanatomique et biométrique du métasoma antérieur des ouvrières. Contribution à la systématique et à la phylogénie des fourmis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Annales de la Société Entomologique de France (n.s.)40:291-371. https://doi.org/10.1080/00379271.2004.10697428 PDF
- Perrichot, V.; Boudinot, B. E.; Engel, M. S.; Xu, C.; Bojarski, B.; Szwedo, J. 2022. Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Miocene Ethiopian amber: filling gaps in the geological record of African terrestrial biota. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 196:775-791. 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac053 PDF
- Perrichot, V.; Lacau, S.; Néraudeau, D.; Nel, A. 2008. Fossil evidence for the early ant evolution. Naturwissenschaften 95:85-90. PDF
- Perrichot, V.; Wang, B.; Barden, P. 2020. New remarkable hell ants (Formicidae: Haidomyrmecinae stat. nov.) from mid-Cretaceous amber of northern Myanmar. Cretaceous Research 109 (104381):18 pp. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cretres.2020.104381 PDF
- Perrichot, V.; Wang, B.; Engel, M. S. 2016. Extreme morphogenesis and ecological specialization among Cretaceous basal ants. Current Biology 26:1468-1472. 10.1016/j.cub.2016.03.075 PDF
- Peters, R. S.; Krogmann, L.; Mayer, C.; Donath, A.; Gunkel, S.; Meusemann, K.; Kozlov, A.; Podsiadlowski, L.; Petersen, M.; Lanfear, R.; Diez, P. A.; Heraty, J.; Kjer, K. M.; Klopfstein, S.; Meier, R.; Polidori, C.; Schmitt, T.; Liu, S.; Zhou, X.; Wappler, T.; Rust, J.; Misof, B.; Niehuis, O. 2017. Evolutionary history of the Hymenoptera. Current Biology 27:1013-1018. 10.1016/j.cub.2017.01.027 PDF
- Petralia, R. S.; Haut, C. F. 1986. Morphology of the labial gland system of the mature larva of the black carpenter ant, Camponotus pennsylvanicus (DeGeer). Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Science 93:16-20.
- Petralia, R. S.; Vinson, S. B. 1979. Developmental morphology of larvae and eggs of the imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 72:472-484. PDF
- Petralia, R. S.; Vinson, S. B. 1980 ("1979"). Comparative anatomy of the ventral region of ant larvae, and its relation to feeding behavior. Psyche (Cambridge) 86:375-394. PDF
- Petralia, R. S.; Vinson, S. B. 1980. Internal anatomy of the fourth instar larva of the imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta Buren (Hymenoptera : Formicidae). International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology 9:89-106.
- Pfeiffer, M.; Mezger, D.; Hosoishi, S.; Bakhtiar, E. Y.; Kohout, R. J. 2011. The Formicidae of Borneo (Insecta: Hymenoptera): a preliminary species list. Asian Myrmecology 4:9-58. PDF
- Pietschker, H. 1910. Das Gehirn der Ameise. Jenaischen Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft 47 (N.F. 40 (1)):43-114. PDF
- Provancher, L. 1883. Petite faune entomologique du Canada et particulièrement de la province de Québec. Vol. II. Comprenant les Orthoptères, les Névroptères et les Hyménoptères. Québec: C. Darveau, vii + v + 879 pp. [with some irregularities in pagination]. PDF
- Provancher, L. 1887. Fam. X. - Les Formicides. [combined parts]. Pp. 224-249 in: Provancher, L. 1887. 1885-1889. Additions et corrections au Volume II de la Faune entomologique du Canada, traitant des Hyménoptères. Québec: C. Darveau, 477 pp.
- Rabeling, C.; Brown, J. M.; Verhaagh, M. 2008. Newly discovered sister lineage sheds light on early ant evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 105 (30):14913-14917. PDF
- Radchenko, A. 2005b. Monographic revision of the ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) of North Korea. Annales Zoologici (Warsaw) 55:127-221. PDF
- Radchenko, A. G. 1994b. Identification table for the ants (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) of southern Siberia. [In Russian.]. Pp. 95-118 in: Kotenko, A. G. (ed.) 1994. Hymenopterous insects of Siberia and the Far East. [In Russian.]. Trudy Zapovednika "Daurskii" 3:1-147.
- Radchenko, A. G.; Perkovsky, E. E. 2021. Wheeler's dilemma revisited: first Oecophylla–Lasius syninclusion and other ants syninclusions in the Bitterfeld amber (late Eocene). Invertebrate Zoology 18 (1):47-65. 10.15298/invert-zool.18.1.05 PDF
- Raderschall, C. A.; Narendra, A.; Zeil, J. 2016. Head roll stabilization in the nocturnal bull ant Myrmecia pyriformis: implications for visual navigation. Journal of Experimental Biology 219:1449-1457. 10.1242/jeb.134049 PDF
- Ramirez-Esquivel, F.; Leitner, N. E.; Zeil, J.; Narendra, A. 2017. The sensory arrays of the ant, Temnothorax rugatulus. Arthropod Structure and Development 46:552-563. 10.1016/j.asd.2017.03.005 PDF
- Ramirez-Esquivel, F.; Zeil J.; Narendra, A. 2014. The antennal sensory array of the nocturnal bull ant Myrmecia pyriformis. Arthropod Structure and Development 43:543-558. 10.1016/j.asd.2014.07.004 PDF
- Rasnitsyn, A. P. 1980. Origin and evolution of Hymenoptera. [In Russian.]. Trudy Paleontologicheskogo Instituta. Akademiya Nauk SSSR 174:1-192.
- Reid, J. A. 1941. The thorax of the wingless and short-winged Hymenoptera. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 91:367-446. PDF
- Renthal, R.; Velasquez, D.; Olmos, D.; Hampton, J.; Wegin, W. P. 2003. Structure and distribution of antennal sensilla of the red imported fire ant. Micron 34:405-413. 10.1016/S0968-4238(03)00050-7 PDF
- Richter, A.; Boudinot, B. E.; Hita Garcia, F.; Billen, J.; Economo, E. P.; Beutel, R. G. 2023. Wonderfully weird: the head anatomy of the armadillo ant, Tatuidris tatusia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Agroecomyrmecinae), with evolutionary implications. Myrmecological News 33:35-75. 10.25849/myrmecol.news_033:035 PDF
- Richter, A.; Boudinot, B.; Yamamoto, S.; Katzke, J.; Beutel, R. G. 2022. The first reconstruction of the head anatomy of a Cretaceous insect, †Gerontoformica gracilis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), and the early evolution of ants. Insect Systematics and Diversity 6(5), 4:1-80. 10.1093/isd/ixac013 PDF
- Richter, A.; Hita Garcia, F.; Keller, R. A.; Billen, J.; Economo, E. P.; Beutel, R. G. 2020. Comparative analysis of worker head anatomy of Formica and Brachyponera (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Arthropod Systematics and Phylogeny 78:133-170. 10.26049/ASP78-1-2020-06 PDF
- Richter, A.; Hita Garcia, F.; Keller, R. A.; Billen, J.; Katzke, J.; Boudinot, B. E.; Economo, E. P.; Beutel, R. G. 2021. The head anatomy of Protanilla lini (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Leptanillinae), with a hypothesis of their mandibular movement. Myrmecological News 31:85-114. 10.25849/myrmecol.news_031:85 PDF
- Richter, A.; Keller, R. A.; Rosumek, F. B.; Economo, E. P.; Hita Garcia, F.; Beutel, R. G. 2019. The cephalic anatomy of workers of the ant species Wasmannia affinis (Formicidae, Hymenoptera, Insecta) and its evolutionary implications. Arthropod Structure & Development 49:26-49. 10.1016/j.asd.2019-02-002 PDF
- Roger, J. 1863b. Verzeichniss der Formiciden-Gattungen und Arten. Berliner Entomologische Zeitschrift 7(Beilage):1-65. PDF
- Romiguier, J.; Borowiec, M. L.; Weyna, A.; Helleu, Q.; Loire, E.; La Mendola, C.; Rabeling, C.; Fisher, B. L.; Ward, P. S.; Keller, L. 2022. Ant phylogenomics reveals a natural selection hotspot preceding the origin of complex eusociality. Current Biology 32:2942-2947. 10.1016/j.cub.2022.05.001 PDF
- Ruzsky, M. 1902d. Material on the ant fauna of the Caucasus and the Crimea. [In Russian.]. Protokoly Obshchestva Estestvoispytatelei pri Imperatorskom Kazanskom Universitete 206(suppl.):1-33. PDF
- Ruzsky, M. 1905b. The ants of Russia. (Formicariae Imperii Rossici). Systematics, geography and data on the biology of Russian ants. Part I. [In Russian.]. Trudy Obshchestva Estestvoispytatelei pri Imperatorskom Kazanskom Universitete 38(4-6):1-800.
- Saini, M. S.; Dhillon, S. S.; Aggarwal, R. 1982. Skeletomuscular differences in the thorax of winged and non-winged forms of Camponotus camelinus (Smith) (Hym., Formicidae). Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift (N.F.)29:447-458.
- Salazar, F.; Donoso, D. A. 2013. New ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) records for Ecuador deposited at the Carl Rettenmeyer ant collection in the QCAZ Museum. Boletín Técnico 11. Serie Zoológica 8-9:151-177. PDF
- Sarnat, E. M.; Economo, E. P. 2012. The ants of Fiji. University of California Publications in Entomology, Volume 132. Berkeley: University of California Press, xiii + 384 pp. PDF
- Saunders, E. 1880. Synopsis of the British Heterogyna and fossorial Hymenoptera. Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1880:201-304. PDF
- Saunders, E. 1896. The Hymenoptera Aculeata of the British islands. A descriptive account of the families, genera, and species indigenous to Great Britain and Ireland, with notes as to habits, localities, habitats, etc. London: L. Reeve & Co., 391 pp. PDF
- Schembri, S. P.; Collingwood, C. A. 1981. A revision of the myrmecofauna of the Maltese Islands (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale "Giacomo Doria" 83:417-442. PDF
- Schneider, D. 1964. Insect antennae. Annual Review of Entomology 9:103-122. PDF
- Schoeters, E.; Billen, J. P. J. 1999. Les organes neurohemaux perisympathiques des fourmis et differences entre les castes femelles. Actes des Colloques Insectes Sociaux 12:139-142. PDF
- Schofield, R. M. S.; Nesson, M. H.; Richardson, K. A. 2002. Tooth hardness increases with zinc-content in mandibles of young adult leaf-cutter ants. Naturwissenschaften 89:579-583. PDF
- Schönitzer, K.; Dott, H.; Melzer, R. R. 1996. The antenna cleaner gland in Messor rufitarsis (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Tissue & Cell 28:107-113.
- Schönitzer, K.; Lawitzky, G. 1986. Rasterelektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung zur vergleichenden Morphologie der Antennenputzapparate bei Formicidae, Tiphiidae und Mutillidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera). [Abstract.]. Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft 79:189.
- Schönitzer, K.; Lawitzky, G. 1987. A phylogenetic study of the antenna cleaner in Formicidae, Mutillidae, and Tiphiidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera). Zoomorphology (Berlin) 107:273-285.
- Schulmeister, S. 2003. Morphology and evolution of the tarsal plantulae in Hymenoptera (Insecta), focussing on the basal lineages. Zoologica Scripta 32:153-172. PDF
- Schwarz, S.; Narendra, A.; Zeil, J. 2011. The properties of the visual system in the Australian desert ant Melophorus bagoti. Arthropod Structure and Development 40:128-34. 10.1016/j.asd.2010.10.003 PDF
- Scudder, S. H. 1891. Index to the known fossil insects of the world, including myriapods and arachnids. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey 71:1-744. PDF
- Seid, M. A.; Harris, K. M.; Traniello, J. F. A. 2005. Age-related changes in the number and structure of synapses in the lip region of the mushroom bodies in the ant Pheidole dentata. Journal of Comparative Neurology 488:269-277. 10.1002/cne.20545 PDF
- Seifert, B. 1994a ("1993"). Die freilebenden Ameisenarten Deutschlands (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) und Angaben zu deren Taxonomie und Verbreitung. Abhandlungen und Berichte des Naturkundemuseums Görlitz 67(3):1-44. PDF
- Seifert, B. 1996b. Ameisen beobachten, bestimmen. Augsburg: Naturbuch Verlag, 351 pp.
- Seifert, B. 2007. Die Ameisen Mittel- und Nordeuropas. Tauer: lutra Verlags- und Vertriebsgesellschaft, 368 pp.
- Serna, F.; Bolton, B.; Mackay, W. 2011. On the morphology of Procryptocerus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Some comments and corrigenda. Zootaxa 2923:67-68. PDF
- Serna, F.; MacKay, W. 2010. A descriptive morphology of the ant genus Procryptocerus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of Insect Science 10 (Article 111):1-36. PDF
- Shattuck, S. O. 1992b. Higher classification of the ant subfamilies Aneuretinae, Dolichoderinae and Formicinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Systematic Entomology 17:199-206. PDF
- Shattuck, S. O. 1992c. Generic revision of the ant subfamily Dolichoderinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology 21:1-181. PDF
- Shattuck, S. O. 1994. Taxonomic catalog of the ant subfamilies Aneuretinae and Dolichoderinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). University of California Publications in Entomology 112:i-xix, 1-241. PDF
- Shattuck, S. O. 1999. Australian ants. Their biology and identification. Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing, xi + 226 pp.
- Short, J. R. T. 1959. On the skeleto-muscular mechanisms of the anterior abdominal segments of certain adult Hymenoptera. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 111:175-203. PDF
- Siddiqui, M. A.; Mashaly, A. M. A.; Ahmed, A. M.; Al-Mekhlafi, F. A.; Al-Khalifa, M. S. 2010. Ultrastructure of antennal sensillae of the samsum ant, Pachycondyla sennaarensis (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). African Journal of Biotechnology 9:6956-6962. PDF
- Skinner, G. J.; Allen, G. W. 1996. Ants. Naturalists' Handbook 24. Slough: Richmond Publishing Co., ii + 83 pp.
- Smith, D. R. 1979. Superfamily Formicoidea. Pp. 1323-1467 in: Krombein, K. V.; Hurd, P. D.; Smith, D. R.; Burks, B. D. (eds.) 1979. Catalog of Hymenoptera in America north of Mexico. Volume 2. Apocrita (Aculeata). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. i-xvi, 1199-2209.
- Smith, F. 1857a. Catalogue of the hymenopterous insects collected at Sarawak, Borneo; Mount Ophir, Malacca; and at Singapore, by A. R. Wallace. [part]. Journal and Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London. Zoology 2:42-88. PDF
- Smith, F. 1858a. Catalogue of hymenopterous insects in the collection of the British Museum. Part VI. Formicidae. London: British Museum, 216 pp. PDF
- Smith, M. R. 1937 ("1936"). The ants of Puerto Rico. Journal of Agriculture of the University of Puerto Rico 20:819-875. PDF
- Smith, M. R. 1943e. A generic and subgeneric synopsis of the male ants of the United States. American Midland Naturalist 30:273-321. PDF
- Smith, M. R. 1947f. A generic and subgeneric synopsis of the United States ants, based on the workers. American Midland Naturalist 37:521-647. PDF
- Smith, M. R. 1951c. Family Formicidae. Pp. 778-875 in: Muesebeck, C. F. W.; Krombein, K. V.; Townes, H. K. (eds.) 1951. Hymenoptera of America north of Mexico. Synoptic catalogue. United States Department of Agriculture. Agriculture Monograph 2:1-1420. PDF
- Smith, M. R. 1958c. Family Formicidae. Pp. 108-162 in: Krombein, K. V. (ed.) 1958. Hymenoptera of America north of Mexico. Synoptic catalogue. First supplement. United States Department of Agriculture. Agriculture Monograph 2(suppl. 1):1-305. PDF
- Smith, M. R. 1967a. Family Formicidae. Pp. 343-374 in: Krombein, K. V.; Burks, B. D. (eds.) 1967. Hymenoptera of America north of Mexico. Synoptic catalog. Second supplement. United States Department of Agriculture. Agriculture Monograph 2(suppl. 2):1-584. PDF
- Snelling, R. R. 1981. Systematics of social Hymenoptera. Pp. 369-453 in: Hermann, H. R. (ed.) 1981. Social insects. Volume 2. New York: Academic Press, xiii + 491 pp.
- Snelling, R. R.; Hunt, J. H. 1976 ("1975"). The ants of Chile (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Revista Chilena de Entomología 9:63-129. PDF
- Snodgrass, R. E. 1910. The thorax of the Hymenoptera. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 39:37-91.
- Solis, D.R.; Rossi, M.L.; Fox, E.G.P.; de Lima Nogueira, N.; Tanaka, F.A.O.; Bueno, O.C. 2012. On the morphology of the digestive system of two Monomorium ant species. Journal of Insect Science 13:1-13. PDF
- Somala, N.; Senarat, S.; Para, C.; Jiraungkoorskul, W.; Kaneko, G.; Poonpet, T.; Poolprasert, P. 2020. Systemic organization of Tetraponera rufonigra (Jerdon, 1851) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): histological observation. Serangga 25 (1):53-67. PDF
- Somfai, E. 1959. Hangya alkatúak Formicoidea. Magyarország Allatvilága 43:1-79.
- Soudek, S. 1922b. Mravenci. Soustava, zemepisné rozsírení, oekologie a urcovací klíc mravencu zijících na území Ceskoslovenské republiky. Praha: Ceskoslovenská Spolecnost Entomologická, 100 pp. PDF
- Spahr, U. 1987. Ergänzungen und Berichtigungen zu R. Keilbach's Bibliographie und Liste der Bernsteinfossilien - Ordnung Hymenoptera. Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde. Serie B (Geologie und Paläontologie) 127:1-121.
- Stärcke, A. 1926b. Nieuwe Nederlandsche Formiciden (benevens enkele systematische opmerkingen). Entomologische Berichten (Amsterdam) 7:86-97.
- Steiger, U. 1967. Über den Feinbau des Neuropils im Corpus pedunculatum der Waldameise. Zeitschrift für Zellforschung und Mikroskopische Anatomie 81:511-536. PDF
- Stephens, J. F. 1829b. A systematic catalogue of British insects: being an attempt to arrange all the hitherto discovered indigenous insects in accordance with their natural affinities. London: Baldwin & Cradock, xxxiv + 416 + 388 pp.
- Stieb, S. M.; Muenz, T. S.; Wehner, R.; Rössler, W. 2010. Visual experience and age affect synaptic organization in the mushroom bodies of the desert ant Cataglyphis fortis. Developmental Neurobiology 70:408-423. 10.1002/dneu.20785 PDF
- Stitz, H. 1914. Die Ameisen (Formicidae) Mitteleuropas, insbesondere Deutschlands. Pp. 1-111 in: Schröder, C. (ed.) 1914. Die Insekten Mitteleuropas insbesondere Deutschlands. Band II, Hymenopteren, 2. Teil. Stuttgart: Franckh'sche Verlagshandlung, 256 pp. PDF
- Stitz, H. 1935a. Formicidae. [part]. Tabulae Biologicae Periodicae 5:208-224.
- Stitz, H. 1939. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands und der angrenzenden Meersteile nach ihren Merkmalen und nach ihrer Lebensweise. 37. Theil. Hautflüger oder Hymenoptera. I: Ameisen oder Formicidae. Jena: G. Fischer, 428 pp.
- Swainson, W.; Shuckard, W. E. 1840. On the history and natural arrangement of insects. London: Longman, Brown, Green & Longman's, 406 pp. PDF
- Tanquary, M. C. 1912. Biological and embryological studies on Formicidae. Urbana Champagne: University of Illinois, i-iv, 1-100, 8 pls. PDF
- Tarbinsky, Y. S. 1976. The ants of Kirghizia. [In Russian.]. Frunze: Ilim, 217 pp. PDF
- Taylor, R. W. 1978a. Nothomyrmecia macrops: a living-fossil ant rediscovered. Science (Washington, D. C.) 201:979-985. PDF
- Taylor, R. W. 1987a. A checklist of the ants of Australia, New Caledonia and New Zealand (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization) Division of Entomology Report 41:1-92. PDF
- Taylor, R. W. 1987b. A checklist of the ants of Australia, New Caledonia and New Zealand (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). First supplement, 10 July, 1987. CSIRO (Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization) Division of Entomology Report 41(Suppl.1):1-5.
- Taylor, R. W. 1991d. Formicidae. Pp. 980-989 in: CSIRO (ed.) 1991. The insects of Australia. Second edition. Volume II. Carlton, Victoria: Melbourne University Press, pp. i-vi, 543-1137.
- Taylor, R. W. 2007. Bloody funny wasps! Speculations on the evolution of eusociality in ants. Pp. 580-609 in: Snelling, R. R.; Fisher, B. L.; Ward, P. S. (eds.) 2007. Advances in ant systematics (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): homage to E.O. Wilson – 50 years of contributions. Memoirs of the American Entomological Institute 80:690 pp. PDF
- Taylor, R. W.; Brown, D. R. 1985. Formicoidea. Zoological Catalogue of Australia 2:1-149, 306-348.
- Terayama, M. 2009. A synopsis of the family Formicidae of Taiwan (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Research Bulletin of Kanto Gakuen University. Liberal Arts 17:81-266. PDF
- Thompson, C. B. 1913. A comparative study of the brains of three genera of ants, with special reference to the mushroom bodies. Journal of Comparative Neurology 23:515-572.
- Tulloch, G. S. 1935. Morphological studies of the thorax of the ant. Entomologica Americana (n.s.)15:93-131. PDF
- Valentini, S. 1951. Sur l'adaptation des larves de Formicoidea. Annales des Sciences Naturelles de Zoologie 13:249-276.
- Van Boven, J. K. A. 1947b. Liste de détermination des principales espèces de fourmis belges (Hymenoptera Formicidae). Bulletin et Annales de la Société Entomologique de Belgique 83:163-190. PDF
- Van Boven, J. K. A. 1977. De mierenfauna van België (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Acta Zoologica et Pathologica Antverpiensia 67:1-191. PDF
- Verhaeghe, J. C.; Deligne, J.; De Vos, L.; Quinet, W. 1984. Les Cahiers du Viroin, 2. Les fourmis de nos régions. Introduction à la biologie sociale des fourmis. Triegnes: Editions D.I.R.E., Centre Paul Brien, 152 pp.
- Walther, J. R. 1979a. Vergleichende morphologische Betrachtung der antennalen Sensillenfelder einiger ausgewählter Aculeata (Insecta, Hymenoptera). Zeitschrift für Zoologische Systematik und Evolutionsforschung 17:30-56. PDF
- Walther, J. R. 1979b. Morphologie und Feinstruktur der Sinnesorgane auf den Geisselantennen von Formica rufa L. (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft 72:313.
- Walther, J. R. 1981. Cuticular sense organs as characters in phylogenetic research. Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie 3:146-150. PDF
- Walther, J. R. 1983. Antennal patterns of sensilla of the Hymenoptera - a complex character of phylogenetic reconstruction. Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg (N.F.)26:373-392. PDF
- Walther, J. R. 1985. The antennal pattern of sensilla of ants (Formicoidea, Hymenoptera). Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie 4:173-176. PDF
- Walther, J. R. 1994. The antennal pattern of sensilla of Nothomyrmecia macrops in comparison to those of other ants from the Myrmeciinae and Ponerinae. P. 360 in: Lenoir, A.; Arnold, G.; Lepage, M. (eds.) 1994. Les insectes sociaux. 12ème congrès de l'Union Internationale pour l'Étude des Insectes Sociaux. Paris, Sorbonne, 21-27 août 1994. Paris: Université Paris Nord, xxiv + 583 pp.
- Wang, C.; Chung, F.-Y.; Lin, C.-C.; Gibson, J. C.; McGuire, S.; Suarez, A.V.; Billen, J. 2023. The spongiform tissue in Strumigenys ants contains exocrine glands. Arthropod Structure and Development 73 (2023) 101246:10 pp. [online early] 10.1016/j.asd.2023.101246 PDF
- Wang, C.; Lin, C.-C.; Billen, J. 2021. Morphology of the novel ventral scape gland in the ant genus Strumigenys. Arthropod Structure & Development 63:7 pp. 101063. [online early] 10.1016/j.asd.2021.101063 PDF
- Wang, W. Y.; Soh, E. J. Y.; Yong, G. W. J.; Wong, M. K. L.; Guénard, B.; Economo, E. P.; Yamane, S. 2022. Remarkable diversity in a little red dot: a comprehensive checklist of known ant species in Singapore (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with notes on ecology and taxonomy. Asian Myrmecology 15: e015006:1-152. [online early] 10.20362/am.015006 PDF
- Wang, Y.J.; Happ, G.M. 1974. Larval development during the nomadic phase of a nearctic army ant, Neivamyrmex nigrescens (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology 3:73-86.
- Ward, P. S. 1990. The ant subfamily Pseudomyrmecinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): generic revision and relationship to other formicids. Systematic Entomology 15:449-489. PDF
- Ward, P. S. 1994. Adetomyrma, an enigmatic new ant genus from Madagascar (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), and its implications for ant phylogeny. Systematic Entomology 19:159-175. PDF
- Ward, P. S. 2005. A synoptic review of the ants of California (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa 936:1-68. PDF
- Ward, P. S. 2007c. Phylogeny, classification, and species-level taxonomy of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa 1668:549-563. PDF
- Ward, P. S.; Bolton, B.; Shattuck, S. O.; Brown, W. L., Jr. 1996. A bibliography of ant systematics. University of California Publications in Entomology 116:1-417.
- Wasmann, E. 1906. Zur Kenntniss der Ameisen und Ameisengäste von Luxemburg. Archives. Institut Grand-Ducal de Luxembourg (n.s.)1(1/2):104-124. PDF
- Wehner, R. 2009. The architecture of the desert ant's navigational toolkit (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecological News 12:85-96. PDF
- Weir, J. S. 1957. The functional anatomy of the mid-gut of larvae of the ant, Myrmica. Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science 98:499-506.
- Weir, J.S. 1959. Changes in the retro-cerebral endocrine system of larvae of Myrmica, and their relation to larval growth and development. Insectes Sociaux 6:27-386. PDF
- Wenseleers, T.; Schoeters, E.; Billen, J.; Wehner, R. 1998. Distribution and comparative morphology of the cloacal gland in ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology 27:121-128.
- Westwood, J. O. 1839a. An introduction to the modern classification of insects; founded on the natural habits and corresponding organisation of the different families. Volume 2. Part XI. London: Longman, Orme, Brown, Green and Longmans, pp. 193-224. PDF
- Wheeler, D. E.; Crichton, E. G.; Krutzsch, P. H. 1990. Comparative ultrastructure of ant spermatozoa (Formicidae: Hymenoptera). Journal of Morphology 206:343-350.
- Wheeler, G. C.; Wheeler, J. 1963. The ants of North Dakota. Grand Forks, North Dakota: University of North Dakota Press, viii + 326 pp.
- Wheeler, G. C.; Wheeler, J. 1972a. The subfamilies of Formicidae. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 74:35-45. PDF
- Wheeler, G. C.; Wheeler, J. 1976b. Ant larvae: review and synthesis. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Washington 7:1-108. PDF
- Wheeler, G. C.; Wheeler, J. 1985b. A simplified conspectus of the Formicidae. Transactions of the American Entomological Society 111:255-264. PDF
- Wheeler, G. C.; Wheeler, J. 1986e. Ten-year supplement to "Ant larvae: review and synthesis". Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 88:684-702. PDF
- Wheeler, G. C.; Wheeler, J. 1986g. The ants of Nevada. Los Angeles: Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, vii + 138 pp. PDF
- Wheeler, W. M. 1910a. Ants: their structure, development and behavior. New York: Columbia University Press, xxv + 663 pp. PDF
- Wheeler, W. M. 1915i ("1914"). The ants of the Baltic Amber. Schriften der Physikalisch-Ökonomischen Gesellschaft zu Königsberg 55:1-142. PDF
- Wheeler, W. M. 1916r. Formicoidea. Formicidae. Pp. 577-601 in: Viereck, H. L. 1916. Guide to the insects of Connecticut. Part III. The Hymenoptera, or wasp-like insects, of Connecticut. Connecticut State Geological and Natural History Survey. Bulletin 22:1-824.
- Wheeler, W. M. 1918c. A study of some ant larvae, with a consideration of the origin and meaning of the social habit among insects. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 57:293-343. PDF
- Wheeler, W. M. 1920. The subfamilies of Formicidae, and other taxonomic notes. Psyche (Cambridge) 27:46-55. PDF
- Wheeler, W. M. 1922. Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. New York: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 1139.
- Wheeler, W. M. 1923g. Social life among the insects. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., vii + 375 pp.
- Wheeler, W. M. 1928h. The social insects: their origin and evolution. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., xviii + 378 pp.
- Whelden, R. M. 1957. Notes on the anatomy of Rhytidoponera convexa Mayr ("violacea" Forel) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 50:271-282.
- Whelden, R. M. 1958a. Additional notes on Rhytidoponera convexa Mayr (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 51:80-84.
- Whelden, R. M. 1958b ("1957"). Notes on the anatomy of the Formicidae. I. Stigmatomma pallipes (Haldeman). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 65:1-21. PDF
- Whelden, R. M. 1960. The anatomy of Rhytidoponera metallica F. Smith (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 53:793-808.
- Whelden, R. M. 1963a. Anatomy of adult queen and workers of army ants Eciton burchelli Westw. and E. hamatum Fabr. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 71:14-30.
- Whelden, R. M. 1963b. The anatomy of the adult queen and workers of the army ants Eciton burchelli Westwood and Eciton hamatum Fabricus [sic] (continued). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 71:90-115.
- Whelden, R. M.; Haskins, C. P. 1954 ("1953"). Cytological and histological studies in the Formicidae. I. Chromosome morphology and the problem of sex determination. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 46:579-595.
- Wilson, E. O.; Carpenter, F. M.; Brown, W. L., Jr. 1967. The first Mesozoic ants, with the description of a new subfamily. Psyche (Cambridge) 74:1-19. PDF
- Wilson, E. O.; Hölldobler, B. 2005a. The rise of the ants: a phylogenetic and ecological explanation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102:7411-7414. PDF
- Wilson, E. O.; Taylor, R. W. 1967b. The ants of Polynesia (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Pacific Insects Monograph 14:1-109. PDF
- Wu, J.; Wang, C. 1995a. The ants of China. [In Chinese.]. Beijing: China Forestry Publishing House, x + 214 pp.
- Yamane, S. 2013. A review of the ant fauna of the Krakatau Islands, Indonesia. Bulletin of the Kitakyushu Museum of Natural History and Human History Series A (Natural History) 11:1-66.
- Yoshimura, M.; Fisher, B. L. 2007. A revision of male ants of the Malagasy region (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): key to subfamilies and treatment of the genera of Ponerinae. Zootaxa 1654:21-40. PDF
- Yoshimura, M.; Fisher, B. L. 2009. A revision of male ants of the Malagasy region (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): key to genera of the subfamily Proceratiinae. Zootaxa 2216:1-21. PDF
- Yoshimura, M.; Fisher, B. L. 2011. A revision of male ants of the Malagasy region (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): key to genera of the subfamily Dolichoderinae. Zootaxa 2794:1-34. PDF
- Yoshimura, M.; Fisher, B. L. 2012a. A revision of male ants of the Malagasy Amblyoponinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) with resurrections of the genera Stigmatomma and Xymmer. PLoS ONE 7 (3):e33325. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033325 PDF
- Yoshimura, M.; Onoyama, K. 2002b. Male-based keys to the subfamilies and genera of Japanese ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Entomological Science 5:421-443. PDF
- Zheng, D.; Chang, S.-C.; Perrichot, V.; Dutta, S.; Rudra, A.; Mu, L.; Kelly, R. S.; Li, S.; Zhang, Q.; Zhang, Q.; Zhang, Q.; Wong, J.; Wang, J.; Wang, H.; Fang, Y.; Zhang, H.; Wang, B. 2018. A Late Cretaceous amber biota from central Myanmar. Nature Communications 9:3170. 10.1038/s41467-018-05650-2 PDF
- Zhou, S. 2001a. Ants of Guangxi. [In Chinese.]. Guilin, China: Guangxi Normal University Press, 255 pp. PDF
- Zhu, W.; Wu, L.; Duan, L.; Xu, S. 2022. A checklist of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in northern Shaanxi Province, China, with one new species of genus Proformica Ruzsky, 1902. Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology 25 (1):27 pp. [online early] 10.1016/j.aspen.2022.101875 PDF
Extant: 16 valid subfamilies, 38 valid tribes, 346 valid genera, 14,110 valid species
Fossil: 6 valid subfamilies, 6 valid tribes, 171 valid genera, 781 valid species
More statistics